Moroccan law and practice apply. Independent Monitoring: The Laayoune branch of the CNDH conducted six monitoring visits in two prisons and found the local prison in Laayoune remained overcrowded and insufficiently equipped to provide appropriate living conditions to the detainees. The largest trade union confederations maintained a nominal presence in Laayoune and Dakhla, and most union members were employees of the Moroccan government or state-owned organizations. Morocco supported the U.S.–led first Gulf War and offered to mediate the Arab–Israeli conflict in an attempt to persuade the United States—which maintains a long-held neutral position on control of the Western Sahara—to endorse Morocco’s claim to the area. Governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Abuses of Human Rights, Section 6. Moroccan law provides criminal penalties for corruption by officials, but the government generally did not implement the law effectively. Freedom of Expression, Including for the Press, b. Freedoms of Peaceful Assembly and Association, Section 3. According to the working group, Daoudi was arbitrarily detained in 2013 for the alleged possession of a hunting rifle and other military paraphernalia. The government of Morocco claimed it only restricted access when such visits challenged Morocco’s territorial integrity or were perceived to be a threat to internal security and stability. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process, Section 4. Moroccan law and practice apply. Police arrested 23 Sahrawi individuals during the 2010 dismantling of the Gdeim Izik Camp and subsequent violence in Laayoune that resulted in the death of 11 members of the security forces; the individuals were subsequently tried and sentenced. The U.N. has supervised talks aimed at organizing a referendum on self-determination in Western Sahara since a 1991 ceasefire agreement, which recently broke down amid border tensions. The government generally permitted authorized and unauthorized peaceful demonstrations to occur. According to the DGAPR, Asfari was in good health and had six medical consultations from January to June. Nonetheless, in April the UN secretary-general urged the state and other parties to address outstanding human rights problems and enhance cooperation with the OHCHR. Amnesty International published video footage and witness testimonies indicating that, on July 19, security forces used excessive force to disperse demonstrators after some participants at a street gathering in Laayoune–celebrating an Algerian soccer victory–began waving the Saharan flag. Those refugees wishing to return must obtain the appropriate travel or identity documents at a Moroccan consulate abroad, often in Mauritania. For more information, see the Department of State’s 2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for Morocco. As of August several human rights organizations and the press reported that authorities denied access to more than a dozen foreigners traveling to Laayoune who were associated with human rights organizations or the press. A substantial number of candidates for elected offices self-identified as Sahrawi. The king shares executive authority with the head of government (prime minister) Saadeddine El Othmani. The Moroccan constitution and Moroccan law generally provide for freedom of expression, including for the press, although they criminalize and restrict some freedom of expression in the press and social media–specifically, criticism of Islam, of the institution of the monarchy, and of the government’s positions regarding territorial integrity and Western Sahara. Observers indicated that police did not always respect these provisions or consistently observe due process, particularly during and in the wake of protests.

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