Saint Helens in Washington is an example. Over time, the tuff ring may erode back into the bowl, leveling … John Huddlestone sold his farm for $36,000 and it was later bought and sold multiple times. channel that transports molten rock to the surface from very deep volcanoes. It takes an English sentence and breaks it into words to determine if it is a phrase or a clause. A specific type of volcanic eruption, the kimberlite eruption, brings Kimberlite, a diamond-containing igneous rock, closer to the earth’s surface—with the most recent eruption occurring over 100 million years ago. Found inside – Page 25It is suggested that this required a sustained , high energy eruption ( or series of eruptions ) that did not involve ... In certain cases , late - stage kimberlite magma has intruded to shallow levels forming MK - dominated pipes ... Geophysical observations of cratonic mantle and the lack of kimberlite eruptions in the thickest lithosphere 26 imply that the mantle peridotite xenolith record … This person then visited the Park and claimed to "find" these diamonds in the soil of the Park. This diamond mine is located near Murfreesboro, Arkansas.For a fee of a few dollars you can enter the mine, search all day and keep any diamonds that you find. The farmers' name continues today as the name for one of the largest diamond mining companies in the world - De Beers. The astronomer Nevil Maskelyne estimated Earth's _____ in 1776, whereas the author Jules Verne described the interior of the Earth as a series of interconnected _____ in 1864 and the physicist Emil Weichert determined that Earth's interior must contain _____ in 1896. In the early 1950s the property was opened as a public pay-to-prospect mine, and in 1951 the name was changed to the "Crater of Diamonds." This book is the first to describe the history of geoconservation. This diamond mine is located near Murfreesboro, Arkansas. List of volcanoes in Canada is an incomplete list of volcanoes found in Mainland Canada, in the Canadian islands and in Canadian waters. Arkansas diamonds: All of these diamonds were found at the Crater of Diamonds. People have speculated about Earth's interior since ancient times. While the earliest form of marine diamond mining laboriously required a swimmer to collect gravel from a shallow seabed, modern technology granted access to greater depths through horizontal and vertical marine mining. With all this, it is undeniable that diamonds undergo a long journey—from the warm belly of the Earth to hard-working diamond miners, jewelers, and retailers—in order to find their way home to you and your loved one. However, large and commercially viable diamond mines are rare, with only about 20 major diamond mines in existence today. Kimberlite is the name given to a silica-poor and magnesium-rich extrusive igneous rock (e.g., a volcanic rock) that contains major amounts of olivine, often serpentinized. study of the physical history of the Earth, its composition, its structure, and the processes that form and change it. These include: amethyst, agate, jasper, garnet, peridot, hematite and many others. Newsroom  |   It was the first stone to receive a perfect grade of 0/0/0 by the American Gem Society. Crater of Diamonds State Park. Kimberlite is commonly found in kimberlite pipes—vertical structures in the earth’s crust. It is a highly variable mixture of melt, minerals crystallizing from the melt, and foreign crystals and rock pieces. A series of earthquakes and small eruptions began at Mt. While Africa was once the center of diamond mining, producing upwards of 90 percent of the global diamond supply, Africa now produces less than 50 percent of the world’s diamonds. Many have a rounded octahedral or a rounded dodecahedral crystal habit. Searching is easy but you will need a combination of luck, patience and a very sharp eye to find a diamond. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. The explosive May 18, 1980 eruption of Mt. One of the large diamond discoveries in Africa was also made on a family farm. Diamond mines exist as both privately owned entities and government sponsored enterprises, with some the earliest diamonds found in India in the 4th century BC. If you have a strong interest in gemstones, you would probably love to have an opportunity to mine for diamonds yourself. rock formed by the cooling of magma or lava. number of things of one kind in a given area. The explosive May 18, 1980 eruption of Mt. Found inside – Page 280Kimberlites intrude violently and catastrophically with the initial formation of a pipe filled with brecciated material from the mantle , reflecting the sudden and explosive character of the eruption . As the eruption wanes , a series ... In contrast, diamond expert Paul Zimnisky gave his ranking of the world’s largest diamond mines as the Jwaneng diamond mine, the Jubilee diamond mine, and Russia’s International diamond mine. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Most of the diamonds found are very small - too small for cutting into a mountable stone. Properties adjacent to the Huddlestone farm were also heavily prospected with some attempts at diamond production, none of which were sustained. Tara Ramroop Then the lottery stand and hardware store he owned succumbed. Lastly, Antonio Álvarez had to watch as lava from a volcanic eruption slowly devoured the remaining pillar of his family’s wealth: the dozen acres he dedicated to growing the Canary Island banana that for … In addition to diamonds, you might find one of the many colorful gemstones that occur naturally there. A series of earthquakes and small eruptions began at Mt. Tim Gunther, Jeannie Evers, Emdash Editing A newly designed mass spectrometer analytical system is assessed for its performance in determining noble gas isotopes. In 2007 a person reportedly purchased a number of diamonds from a mine in India that were similar in characteristics and color to diamonds found at the Park. Symposia. In order to standardize mining practices and combat the sale of conflict diamonds— diamonds used to fuel civil unrest or wars—the international community established the Kimberley Process in 2000, a no tolerance policy against the use of conflict diamonds. Found insideWhen this magma encounters water at shallow depths, a violent phreatomagmatic (steam-driven) eruption can occur and the kimberlite is rapidly emplaced to the surface as dykes (narrow veins of rock) or as pipes (carrotshaped intrusions). This book uncovers just how long it takes for a diamond to form. Learn fascinating facts about this process. Read this book to find out more about the science behind the cycle. Traditionally it has been linked to the presence of mantle plumes at depth (e.g. Hawaii), although the interaction with plate tectonics is also recognized to play a significant role (e.g. Azores, Galápagos). As the molten material rises, it tears off bits and pieces of the magma pipe in which it is traveling. Estimating a Diamond and Diamond Ring’s Value, Meet the NY Diamond District, With Clarity’s Home Base. Saint Helens in March, 1980. All but one province, Prince Edward Island, have … A xenolith is a piece of rock trapped in another type of rock.. Xenoliths can be a piece of rock trapped in a piece of sedimentary rock, but this is rare. Found inside – Page 195Such expansion widens the pipes and produces an explosive event at the surface as upward-rushing gases dislodge rocks and create a craterlike depression. The last kimberlite eruption is thought to have taken place more than 25 million ... It was cut into an emerald-cut gem weighing 12.42 carats which was sold in 1971 for $150,000. The diamonds at the Park occur in the soil, and that makes them easy to look for. In the vicinity of active volcanoes, waters in depth are heated from contact with hot magma giving rise to springs and geysers. Crystals that are torn from the sides of magma pipes are called xenocrysts. All rights reserved. (1989, 1993). A specific type of volcanic eruption, the kimberlite eruption, brings Kimberlite, a diamond-containing igneous rock, closer to the earth’s surface—with the most recent eruption occurring over 100 million years ago. Magma is the molten rock beneath the Earths crust that emerges as lava during a volcanic eruption.The rock that forms from cooled magma is called igneous rock.Xenoliths are different types of rock embedded in igneous … Dunn, Margery G. (Editor). E. L. Rhodes, A. K. Barker, ... Sisotopic compositions of fresh, uncontaminated Kimberley kimberlite rocks require a contribution from deeply recycled sedimentary material. Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students. Each chapter provides a comprehensive summary of their subject's current research directions. This book hence can equally be useful for students and researchers. Stage III produces a kimberlite pipe in its final form, as shown in figure 10. Lava cools fairly quickly, and various types of igneous rocks are formed. Volcanic eruptions are fascinating manifestations of the Earth's dynamic inte rior which has been cooling for the past several billion years. It takes an English sentence and breaks it into words to determine if it is a phrase or a clause. Sustainability Policy  |   Very Good,No Highlights or Markup,all pages are intact. Stage I of a kimberlite eruption is overpressured, and eruption at this stage experiences the highest velocities. Most people don't find a diamond during their visit, but a few miners have been extremely successful. The peridotite is usually yellow and dense, while the basalt is usually grey and light. There are other volcanic pipes in the area, but they have yet to yield more than a few diamonds. As it cools, the material may cease being a xenolith at all and become a metamorphic rock. Found inside – Page 114The latter type of kimberlite pipe infill is typically related to very large pipes or pipes that are smaller but ... Magma flux and the magnitude of eruptions Some researchers have suggested that kimberlite pipes were formed by an ... ITMAT symposia enlist outstanding speakers from the US and abroad to address topics of direct relevance to translational science. We are glad that you preferred to contact us. Strawn-Wagner Diamond: Photograph of the famous "Strawn-Wagner Diamond" found at the Park in 1990 by Shirley Strawn. While workers initially sifted through the sand at the original site, the process soon advanced, with sand being transported to a screening facility to be more efficiently processed. The froth, which forms during an eruption of a gas rich magma because of the decrease in confining pressure, is similar to the bubbles formed in carbonated beverages when their containers are opened. Within the ejecta were many fragments of mantle rock that were carried up to the surface with the rising magma. The occurrence of diamonds in Arkansas continues to intrigue geologists. Most of the diamonds found at the Park are in a color range from white to yellow through brown. Crater of Diamonds video: This video shows how a few visitors at Crater of Diamonds State Park look for diamonds. Pipes: A pipe is a vertical intrusive structure that forms when a deep-source volcanic eruption brings magma up from the mantle. Over time, the tuff ring may erode back into the bowl, leveling … Found inside – Page 176The final stage of a kimberlite eruption, when the pipe breaks through to the surface, must be impressive (though no human has ever witnessed such an event since kimberlites have not formed for millions of years). A significant feature of this system is the simultaneous collection of beams for all nine Xe isotopes using low-noise, high-sensitivity Faraday collectors, which improves overall precision by enabling shorter analytical times Image courtesy of Arkansas.com. Found inside – Page 73Crater at surface b F Pipes, sills and dykes at depth 7.9 Kimberlite volcanoes Figure 7.9 Kimberlite volcanoes. Idealised 3D section through a kimberlite volcano. a) Photo (I. Bothar) of the 'Big Hole' at Kimberly (which lends itself to ... For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. This book is the second volume of the Updates in Volcanology and presents review style chapters as well as stand alone research works on volcanological problems that could be used as valuable resource for both researchers and graduate ... type of magma or igneous rock associated with diamonds. All but one province, Prince Edward Island, have … Most of the time, a xenolith is a rock embedded in magma while the magma was cooling. Saint Helens in Washington is an example. For a fee of a few dollars you can enter the mine, search all day and keep any diamonds that you find. Diamonds Found at the Mine: This small handful of diamonds was found at Crater of Diamonds State Park. Significant fallback of material can occur in Stage III. This diamond mine is located near Murfreesboro, Arkansas.For a fee of a few dollars you can enter the mine, search all day and keep any diamonds that you find. Take 10% Off Using the With Clarity Credit Card*. Melissa McDaniel type of mineral that is clear and, when viewed under a microscope, has a repeating pattern of atoms and molecules. Figure 12. Figure 12. Privacy Notice  |   In the vicinity of active volcanoes, waters in depth are heated from contact with hot magma giving rise to springs and geysers. Code of Ethics  |   A xenolith is a rock trapped inside another rock. Powered by. Fortunately, a small group of mineral experts became suspicious of the "finds" and documented it as a fraud. A specific type of volcanic eruption, the kimberlite eruption, brings Kimberlite, a diamond-containing igneous rock, closer to the earth’s surface—with the most recent eruption occurring over 100 million years ago. They did fieldwork in the area but did not find any diamonds. Xenoliths and xenocrysts are affected by temperature. Word of the discovery leaked out and a "diamond rush" began. Jeff Hunt, Mary Crooks, National Geographic Society Xenoliths are usually visible. Xenoliths and xenocrysts provide valuable information about the geology of the Earths mantle. His intent was to sell them on eBay as "United States diamonds." Diamonds were first discovered at this location in 1906 when John Huddlestone found two strange crystals in the soil of his farm. Then the house his father built. Xenoliths and xenocrysts are often identified by the names of the two rock types involved. In kimberlite pipes, the eruption ejects a column of overlying material directly over the magma column, and does not form a large above-ground elevation as typical volcanoes do; instead, a low ring of ejecta known as a tuff ring forms around a bowl-shaped depression over the subterranean column of magma. In addition to diamonds, you might find one of the many colorful gemstones that occur naturally there. The … The rock cycle is a web of processes that outlines how each of the three major rock types—igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary—form and break down based on the different applications of heat and pressure over time. Washington, DC 20036, Careers  |   It takes an English sentence and breaks it into words to determine if it is a phrase or a clause. Kimberlite pipes. Found inside – Page 305... 288g heat-island effect 277 Hebgen Lake, Montana, 1959 earthquake 183 Heimaey,Iceland eruption 169 Hilo, ... 69 Kelut Volcano,Java 160 Khartoum, Sudan,dust storms 221 Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii 189, 190 kimberlite pipes 242 Kobe,Japan ... A series of earthquakes and small eruptions began at Mt. Geophysical observations of cratonic mantle and the lack of kimberlite eruptions in the thickest lithosphere 26 imply that the mantle peridotite xenolith record … Other containt abundant minerals are chrome-diopside, olivine, and chromium- and pyrope-rich garnet.Kimberlite is typically found in pipes – structures with vertical edges that are roughly circular in cross-section. It was not extremely productive and was not reopened after a fire destroyed the plant in 1919. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Found inside – Page 88By a particular kind of volcanic eruption , they came to the surface of the earth or close to it with rising magma . With gradual erosion , the original volcanic cone was removed , exposing the kimberlite pipes ( see illustration below ) ... This rapid gas expansion produced an explosion as the magma approached the Earth's surface. In the vicinity of active volcanoes, waters in depth are heated from contact with hot magma giving rise to springs and geysers. Stage II is underpressured, and during this stage significant wallrock erosion occurs. The State of Arkansas purchased the property in 1972 and began operating it as "Crater of Diamonds State Park." The astronomer Nevil Maskelyne estimated Earth's _____ in 1776, whereas the author Jules Verne described the interior of the Earth as a series of interconnected _____ in 1864 and the physicist Emil Weichert determined that Earth's interior must contain _____ in 1896. molten, or partially melted, rock beneath the Earth's surface. Found inside – Page 876deposits, much like a basaltic scoria cone succession, produced by repeated small explosive eruptions. The lavas are variably vesicular and ... That is, kimberlite pipes do not all erupt in the same way. There is no evidence for any ... A comprehensive guide to carbon inside Earth - its quantities, movements, forms, origins, changes over time and impact on planetary processes. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core. Saint Helens in March, 1980. The book is a collaboration of faculty from Earth Science departments at Universities and Colleges across British Columbia and elsewhere"--BCcampus website. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. The rise of African diamond mines sparked the Great Diamond Rush as well as the Kimberly Mine, the first largescale diamond mining operation. During the weathering process the least stable minerals were destroyed and the most stable minerals were concentrated in the soil. While alluvial mining requires waiting for diamonds to first rise up through kimberlite pipes and be washed away by erosion to settle on river or ocean beds, pipe mining allows diamond miners to strike closer to the source—the kimberlite pipes. Kimberlite is an igneous rock that major source of diamonds.Kimberlite is a variety of peridotite.It is rich in mica minerals content and often in form of crystals of phlogopite. The famed Kimberlite rock of South Africa, the source of diamonds, is the pipe of an ancient volcano. Kimberlite is commonly found in kimberlite pipes—vertical structures in the earth’s crust. About 100 million years ago a deep-source volcanic eruption occurred in this area, bringing material from the mantle rapidly up to the surface. These bits and pieces, trapped in the magma but not melting into it, become xenoliths. A photo of the diamond can be seen on this page. ID Species Reference Link Year Locality Pressure (GPa) Temp (K) 0000641: Halite: Finger L W, King H E (1978) A revised method of operation of the single-crystal diamond cell and refinement of the structure of NaCl at 32 kbar American Mineralogist 63 337-342 1978: 0: 293: 0003397: Halite: Walker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite … The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. And if you’d like to know more about With Clarity’s policies and our commitment to the Kimberly Process and conflict-free diamonds, you can find out more about them here. Soon thousands of people descended upon the Murfreesboro area; however, the Huddlestone farm and immediately adjacent land was the only location with promise of becoming a diamond mine. Diamonds are typically elevated through kimberlite pipes, which form a bowl-shaped pockmark in the Earth after eruption. Figure 6.119 shows a sample of garnet lherzolite that was carried to the surface in a South African kimberlite pipe. Found inside – Page 48However, every kimberlite volcano is a unique occurrence; individual pipes are distinct in shape, size and infill (Scott Smith 2008), and furthermore can have highly variable geometries, sizes, and infill at different elevations in a ... Metamorphic rock is rock that has changed from one form (sedimentary or igneous) to another. Hilary Costa © 1996 - 2021 National Geographic Society. This 3.09 carat stone was cut into a 1.09 carat brilliant-cut gem. Data from the 2016 U.S. Geological Survey states that Russia produces the most gem-quality diamonds—housing half of the world’s largest diamond mines— followed by Botswana, Canada, Angola, and South Africa. Here's where you can go - it is the only producing diamond mine in the United States and the only diamond mine in the world where you can be the miner. These volumes, dedicated to pioneers of the study of kimberlites, diamond and the upper mantle, summarise the results of the most recent work in these fields of research. rocky outermost layer of Earth or other planet. Xenoliths can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a football, and as long as several meters. Kim Rutledge Found inside – Page 67Although no one has seen a kimberlite pipe erupt , the violence of the eruptions can be reconstructed from the jumble of broken rocks that clog the volcano's vent , or crater . Diamond mines are man - made excavations , as deep as 1,050 ... Terms of Service  |   Most of the time, a xenolith is a rock embedded in magma while the magma was cooling. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. Found inside – Page 178Kimberlites intrude violently and catastrophically, with the initial formation of a pipe filled with brecciated material from the mantle, sometimes including diamonds, reflecting the sudden and explosive character of the eruption. Significant fallback of material can occur in Stage III. CoNLL17 Skipgram Terms - Free ebook download as Text File (.txt), PDF File (.pdf) or read book online for free. It was temporarily worked as a commercial diamond mine. The magma often breaks through the surface, producing an explosive eruption and a steep-walled crater known as a maar. Xenocrysts are a Girl's Best FriendDiamonds are formed in the Earth's upper mantle. This lists the logos of programs or partners of. Found insideare thought to have surrounded the region prior to Trap eruption (Ivanov, 2007; lvanov et ... Diamonds, erupted through kimberlite pipes in the flood basalts, and dated using their silicate and sulfide inclusions, have ages that ... A xenolith is a piece of rock trapped in another type of rock, Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography, This lists the logos of programs or partners of NG Education which have provided or contributed the content on this page. 1145 17th Street NW A number of beautiful colored diamonds have been found at the Park. Huddlestone suspected that his crystals might be diamonds and took them to a local jeweler for assessment. Horizontal marine diamond mining uses a crawler to suck gravel from the ocean floor to the surface via flexible pipes, while vertical diamond mining uses a large, ship-mounted drill to pull up the diamond-bearing gravel. One of the visitors interviewed is Denis Tyrrell who found the 4.42 carat "Kimberly Diamond" at the Park in 2008. ID Species Reference Link Year Locality Pressure (GPa) Temp (K) 0000641: Halite: Finger L W, King H E (1978) A revised method of operation of the single-crystal diamond cell and refinement of the structure of NaCl at 32 kbar American Mineralogist 63 337-342 1978: 0: 293: 0003397: Halite: Walker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite … It is a highly variable mixture of melt, minerals crystallizing from the melt, and foreign crystals and rock pieces. These deep-source eruptions are the origin for most of the Earth's primary diamond deposits. Why? They contained the diamonds. Home » Minerals » Diamond » United States Diamond Mine. Miners build walls or divert rivers to expose the diamond-bearing dry river or ocean bed. Igneous rocks are one of three main types of rocks (along with sedimentary and metamorphic), and they include both intrusive and extrusive rocks. The 30,000 stones reported have an aggregate weight of a little under 6,000 carats, making the average stone about twenty points (.20 carat) in weight. Named in 1818 by J. Léman in honor of William Hyde Wollaston [August 6, 1766 East Dereham, Norfolk, England, United Kingdom - December 22, 1828 London, England, United Kingdom], English chemist and mineralogist who discovered palladium (1804) and rhodium (1809) and invented the reflecting goniometer (1809) and the camera lucida (1812). Named in 1818 by J. Léman in honor of William Hyde Wollaston [August 6, 1766 East Dereham, Norfolk, England, United Kingdom - December 22, 1828 London, England, United Kingdom], English chemist and mineralogist who discovered palladium (1804) and rhodium (1809) and invented the reflecting goniometer (1809) and the camera lucida (1812). Xenoliths have also been found in meteorites, or rocks from outer space that have crashed into Earth. Found inside – Page 83The diamond-bearing geological formation at Kimberley, South Africa, which gave its name to kimberlite pipes, appears here in ... While the pipe of a conventional volcano may extend down 50 miles or so, the volcanic pipes that picked up ... Since the park opened in 1972, a little less than 3,000,000 paid visits to the park ("visits" is used instead of "visitors" because many people visit the Park many times) have resulted in about 30,000 reported diamond finds. Pipe mining has two forms: open-pit diamond mining and underground diamond mining. Rapid Assembly and Eruption of a Shallow Silicic Magma Reservoir, Reyðarártindur Pluton, Southeast Iceland. Found inside – Page 426Besides its diamondiferous nature, kimberlite has a unique mode of occurrence as a diatreme or a pipe that is generally regarded to have formed through a highly explosive eruption, in accordance with the high content of its volatile ... In kimberlite pipes, the eruption ejects a column of overlying material directly over the magma column, and does not form a large above-ground elevation as typical volcanoes do; instead, a low ring of ejecta known as a tuff ring forms around a bowl-shaped depression over the subterranean column of magma. ITMAT symposia enlist outstanding speakers from the US and abroad to address topics of direct relevance to translational science. Stage III produces a kimberlite pipe in its final form, as shown in figure 10. The information about the condition of the mantle at these depths would be impossible to understand without xenoliths and xenocrysts. The xenoliths in meteorites were formed from collisions with other objects outside the Earths atmosphere. Yellow, brown and "white" diamonds are all found regularly at the park. A peridotite xenolith in a basaltic lava flow, for instance, means a chunk of the rock peridotite is embedded in basalt rock. They will best know the preferred format. The famed Kimberlite rock of South Africa, the source of diamonds, is the pipe of an ancient volcano. A type of igneous rock called kimberlite is known for carrying xenocrysts of diamonds to the surface, where they can be mined. Stage I of a kimberlite eruption is overpressured, and eruption at this stage experiences the highest velocities. Magma rises to the Earths surface through these pipes between the Earths crust and mantle. A website includes visual resources and combines with the book to provide students and instructors with a complete learning package. Pipes: A pipe is a vertical intrusive structure that forms when a deep-source volcanic eruption brings magma up from the mantle. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. The high levels of magnesium and carbon dioxide force the magma to the surface, resulting in a violent eruption. Symposia. Kimberlite is an igneous rock that major source of diamonds.Kimberlite is a variety of peridotite.It is rich in mica minerals content and often in form of crystals of phlogopite. The owners of the farm sold out because they could not protect their land from the hordes of diamond hunters. rock that has transformed its chemical qualities from igneous or sedimentary. Contact Us. Found inside – Page 567When the eruption subsided, ice fragments filled the kimberlite pipe to a depth of nearly 300 meters. It settled and solidified into a plug that didn't melt for years. The diatreme also spit out some rocks. And pretty near a metric ton ... As magma erupts or flows from the Earths surface, it is cooled by exposure to air or water. The froth, which forms during an eruption of a gas rich magma because of the decrease in confining pressure, is similar to the bubbles formed in carbonated beverages when their containers are opened. Many xenocrysts were created hundreds of kilometers within the Earth, far below the deepest mines and wells. Other containt abundant minerals are chrome-diopside, olivine, and chromium- and pyrope-rich garnet.Kimberlite is typically found in pipes – structures with vertical edges that are roughly circular in cross-section. Over 110,000 certified natural or lab diamonds.

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