black hills south dakota weather june

Stay in Hill City, South Dakota, the Heart of the Black Hills, and be close to Mt. Re: Time to visit. The June 1972 flash flood in Rapid City caused 238 deaths and $165 million in damage. South Dakota has tons of great hiking trails, and we love to feature them here. Black Hills - South Dakota and Wyoming. Showing: All Year January February March April May June July August September October November December Learn more at BlackHillsBadlands.com/TRAVELSAFE. if (document.mmm_fo) document.write ("&mmm_fo=1"); Insects are typically drawn to a given area by available food supply, weather, environmental factors . Current Weather Conditions for the Black Hills area . Views: In June, Bear Mountain Road is a Rocky Mountain iris lover's paradise. GEOLOGY. Found inside – Page 76St. Amand , P. , R. J. Davis , and R. D. Elliott , 1972 : Report on Rapid City flood of 9 June 1972. South Dakota Weather Control Commission , Pierre , South Dakota . 37 pp . 8 . SUMMARY Thompson , H. J. , 1972 : The Black Hills flood . Warning information is available through text messages, e-mail messages, and pager systems. According to the Red Cross, the resulting floods left 238 people dead and 3,057 people injured. Schwarz, F.K., Hughes, L.A., Hansen, E.M., Petersen, M.S., and Kelly, D.B., 1975, The Black Hills-Rapid City Flood of June 9-10, 1972—A description of the storm and flood: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 877, 47 p. Teller, R.W., Huse, T.L., and Owens, Park, 2000, Development and operation of a cooperative flood-warning system, in Strobel, M.L., and others, eds., Hydrology of the Black Hills—Proceedings of the 1999 Conference on the Hydrology of the Black Hills: Rapid City, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Bulletin no. Former South Dakota Governor Frank L. Farrar passed away peacefully at the age of ninety-two on October 31, 2021, in Rochester . Precipitation observations in 1972 were recorded in a similar manner to the Universal Weighing and Recording gauge. South Dakota Weather. Although this type of satellite provides very detailed images, the information is not available at night. 6:00 pm – State Radio Dispatch requested commercial radio and television stations to announce that motorists should avoid Boulder Canyon because of high water between Deadwood and Sturgis. On June 9-10, 1972, extremely heavy rains over the eastern Black Hills of South Dakota produced record floods on Rapid Creek and other streams in the area. Found inside – Page 618... During the evening of June 9th , 1972 , the eastern slope of the Northern Black Hills in Western South Dakota was experiencing ... This weather report was not unusual for the residents of the Black Hills during the month of June . Visible satellite images were available only during daylight hours, when the sun provided enough light to illuminate cloud features. var m3_u = (location.protocol=='https:'? 5:00 pm – Rain began at Pactola Reservoir. Most floods in the Black Hills area are caused by intense rainfall over very steep watersheds, which allows little time for warning residents of flood threats. The personnel in Rapid City were not trained to make forecasts and use new technologies and procedures to issue warnings; instead, they relied on reports of severe weather from people across the area. The EBS was replaced by the Emergency Alert System (EAS) in 1997. Visible images (image on the left) use reflected light, like a regular camera. Found inside – Page 81REPORT ON RAPID City FLOOD OF 9 JUNE 1972 , By_BOARD OF INQUIRY , PIERRE ST - AMAND , CHAIRMAN , RAY JAY DAVIS ... Rain fell over most of the Black Hills and part of the flat lands , but the greatest part of the water fell along a ... Find out what weather to expect when visiting Black Hills South Dakota at various times of the year, so you can plan a great trip. Proud Supporter of Black Hills Cave Conservation. In order to fully utilize the equipment available in the offices, forecasters and technicians frequently attend seminars and training sessions to improve their skills and learn new forecasting techniques. 5:00 am – Rapid Creek was once again within its banks. Our red, white and blue colors really shine during the week of the 4 th of July when our nation celebrates its independence. In addition to taking a photograph or measuring infrared energy, the satellite sensors also detect the amount of water vapor in the air (image on the right). Flood damage to roads, bridges and vehicles was estimated at $35 million (1972 dollars). By June, afternoon thunderstorms are common. June - August is the busiest season for tourism in South Dakota, so lodging and other accommodations may cost more than usual. US Dept of Commerce Not only would water be lost, but unstable rock formations could cause structural damage at the dam. The Black Hills sit like an island on the prairie and the elevation difference between the region and the surrounding plains make for a milder climate, one more similar to the front-range of Colorado vs. the rest of the Dakotas or Minnesota. Northwest Winds 10 to 15 Mph with Gusts up to 30 Mph. South Dakota man charged with killing 3, wounding 2 others . Lows in the mid 20s. The other option was to develop an open floodway along Rapid Creek. if (document.context) document.write ("&context=" + escape(document.context)); Found inside – Page 103Fritsch , J. M. , 1986 : Modification of mesoscale convective weather systems . ... Report to South Dakota Weather Control Commission , Pierre , South Dakota . ... Davis , R. J. , 1988 : The June 1972 Black Hills flood and the law . Rush Mountain Adventure Park 5 miles East of Keystone on Hwy 40 13622 Hwy 40 Keystone, SD 57751 Ph: 1-605-255-4384 Email: info@rushmtn.com. The snowflakes are flying across western South Dakota. Rapid City's weather typically falls in the middle between towns like Custer and Lead, which sit in the highest elevations, to Spearfish and Hot Springs. The weather also varies depending on the . The 1972 Black Hills-Rapid City Flood Revisited, Rapid Creek Hydrograph - June 9, 1972 through June 10, 1972. GEOL 410 Field Geology - Six semester credits. Medicine Mountain Scout Ranch | Black Hills Area Council. Found inside – Page 3... conditions in the Black Hills area of port . The following factors may be used to convert South Dakota were not abnormal immediately prior the English units published herein to the Interna- to the events of June 9-10 , 1972. Many improvements in communications, technology, zoning, and infrastructure have been implemented since the 1972 flood to create a safer community. Here's a little bit of insight into both the Black Hills and Badlands when it comes to weather and crowds. Save. A staff gauge is similar to a ruler, and the river level is read directly from the gauge. Flood warnings were issued by the NWS office in Sioux City, Iowa. June 26-July 2, 2022. Cost: $4,995.00 for consortium members and $5,395 non-consortium. March is typically the snowiest month of the year, with average snowfall 15 to 25 inches in the northern Black Hills and eight to 12 inches over the southern Hills. A good friend of mine visited the Black Hills in early June a couple years ago, and she did experience quite a bit of rain, unfortunately. . All NWS offices are connected by a nationwide computer network called the Advanced Weather Information Processing System (AWIPS). Staff members also research storm events in the local area to better understand the effects of the Black Hills on the weather. Black Hills South Dakota Weather Averages Source: NOAA Things To Do in the Black Hills South Dakota. Found inside – Page 76SOUTH DAKOTA JUNE 1954 Marvin D. Magnuson , Section Director - Huron WEATHER SUMMARY A favorable temperature and moisture pattern ... The least rainfall for the month was reported at Mt. Coolidge in the Black Hills with 0.88 inch . From these workstations, forecasters can select potential severe storms and have the computer compose the warning bulletin (including arrival time at locations along its path), and then transmit it to other NWS offices, external users, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Weather Radio. if (document.referrer) document.write ("&referer=" + escape(document.referrer)); In 1972, the NWS office in Rapid City did not have a teletype system to transmit warning bulletins to the media, emergency officials, and other NWS offices. The Old Farmer's Almanac's extended forecasts can be used to make more informed decisions about future plans that depend on the weather, from vacations and weddings to gardening, hiking, and other outdoor activities. Whether you're visiting a historic monument, exploring Custer State Park, or spending 1 day in the Badlands, a visit to the Black . Within two months of the flood, officials in Rapid City began the process of acquiring property along Rapid Creek—the first step in prohibiting the construction of homes or businesses in the floodway. In 1997, a flood-warning system was implemented by the USGS in cooperation with the Rapid City-Pennington County Emergency Management and the National Weather Service (NWS). if (!document.MAX_used) document.MAX_used = ','; January February March April May June July August September October November December; Avg. Hail storm pummels the Black Hills; more severe weather expected Saturday . NWS warnings are transmitted to a regional site where they are sent to the NOAA Weather Wire System satellite. The hottest month is July. Rapid City-Pennington County Emergency Management can then coordinate emergency response, public safety services, and local governmental agencies as needed. A family fun park and show cave in the Black Hills of South Dakota near Mount Rushmore. Autumnal Equinox Day/Night Nearly Equal 22 September, 2022; Spring Equinox Day/Night Nearly Equal 20 March, 2022; Winter Solstice Shortest Day 21 December, 2021; Summer Solstice Longest Day 21 June, 2022 108. Daytime highs during the month of May average in the 50s and 60s. U. S. Department of Commerce, 1972: Natural Disaster Survey Report 72-1. South Dakota, the 17th largest state in the nation, covers so much area that it has several different geographic areas, each with its own weather pattern. NWS forecasters use the South Dakota state radio system to notify 911 dispatchers and emergency managers of warnings and receive reports of severe weather and flooding from law enforcement officials and weather spotters across the area. 6:45 pm – The National Guard Commander was informed of water over the road in Boulder Canyon by the Lawrence County Sheriff. Debris can dam up water, worsening the effects of the flood waters. This road is a short loop south of Spearfish. All local radio and television stations and cable television systems monitor several other stations to ensure they receive emergency messages. The USACE determined which areas adjacent to Rapid Creek were in the floodway and performed channel modifications in areas where businesses could not be relocated. Weather information is available from many more sources today than in 1972. Flooding causes more damage in the United States than any other weather related event and flash floods are the most deadly natural disaster. Most of the flow that passed through Rapid City via Rapid Creek originated in the 51 square mile drainage between Pactola Dam and Canyon Lake. Celebrate the 4 th of July in the Black Hills. 10:30 pm – In a television and radio broadcast, Mayor Don Barnett urged immediate evacuation of low-lying areas. Today, we've compiled some of the best hikes in South Dakota so you have an outdoor bucket list for nearly every season. Currently (2002), the USGS collects data at 20 flood-warning sites in the Black Hills area, which are located along Battle, Spring, Rapid, Victoria, Boxelder, Spearfish, and Bear Butte Creeks and their tributaries. The Black Hills & Badlands of South Dakota. document.write ("&loc=" + escape(window.location)); June 20 - July 22, 2021. Black Hills of South Dakota June 13 - 18, 2022 - Five nights Highlights: Rapid City Keystone - 5-night stay Badlands National Park Wall Drug Store Black Hills Mount Rushmore National Memorial Black Hills Central Railroad Crazy Horse Monument Devil's Tower National Monument Deadwood Wind Cave National Park 10:10 pm – The Brookdale residential area (near the Central States Fairgrounds) was evacuated. Rodeos have a remarkable history in western South Dakota. 6:15 pm – State Radio advised the NWS of 12 inches of water over the highway west of Sturgis and heavy rain southwest of Rapid City. Instruments that record and transmit temperature, precipitation, wind, humidity, and river-level data are scattered throughout the region. Nearly 15 inches of rain fell in about 6 hours near Nemo, and more than 10 inches of rain fell over an area of 60 square miles (Schwartz and others, 1975). Black Hills Flood of June 9, 1972, pp. Visitors make foliage pilgrimages to places like Spearfish Canyon and Sica Hollow State Park to take in the gorgeous transition. Additional NWR stations on Terry Peak near Lead, Battle Mountain near Hot Springs, Philip, Porcupine, Faith, White River, Newcastle, Gillette, and surrounding states provide NWR coverage to nearly all of western South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming. In June the average is 60s and 70s. A wire-weight gauge consists of a drum wound with cable, a weight attached to the end of the cable, a graduated disc, and a counter. An impressive storm system is moving into the region today, bringing rain, thunderstorms, snow, and wind to much of the central United States. 6:50 pm – The SDSMT radar operator advised the NWS of heavy rain from Piedmont to the northern Hills, with radar indications of rain falling at the rate of 2 inches per hour. © Black Hills & Badlands Tourism Association. Black Hills South Dakota Weather & Seasons. The historic Deadwood in the Black Hills averages between 14°F (-10°C) to 38°F (3.3°C), while Pierre, the capital of South Dakota, is in the cold range of 10°F (-12.2°C) to 30°F (-1.1°C) - comparatively Aberdeen on the eastern side is the coldest and lies in the range of 2°F (-16.7°C) to 23°F (-5°C). (Weather station: Ellsworth Air Force Base, USA). The answer is yes. Past Weather in Black Hills, South Dakota, USA — Yesterday and Last 2 Weeks. 266. 9:00 am – The National Severe Local Storm Forecast Center (now known as the Storm Prediction Center) advised that isolated thunderstorms approaching severe limits (hail larger than ¾” and wind gusts stronger than 60 mph) were expected in western South Dakota during the late afternoon and evening. When someone at the primary station announced weather warnings, people at other stations listened for the warning signal, copied the information they heard, and read it on their station. Fall (September through November) Fall daily highs range from 80.6°F (27°C) and 40.5°F (4.7°C), which will feel chilly given the humidity and wind. The Badlands can be very, very hot in the summer, with temperatures frequently near or . As we approach the 4th of July - Drought conditions continue to hang on in portions of the Black Hills Region. Final Payment: June 14, 2021. '&charset='+document.characterSet : '')); For this South Dakota road trip we'd suggest visiting in either April, May, September, or October to not only have the best weather, but to also avoid crowds.However, the summer is another doable alternative, but it may be hotter and busier. Found inside – Page 12Report of Rapid City flood 9 June 1972 : Report to South Dakota Weather Control Commission 27 June 1972 by Board of Inquiry . Dec. 1972 . Thompson , Herbert J. 1972. The Black Hills flood . Weatherwise 25 : 162-167 , 173 . The flood took place on June 9-10, 1972 in the Black Hills of Western South Dakota. Please Contact Us. Found inside – Page 498WEATHER BUREAU'S 30 - DAY OUTLOOK MID - MAY TO MID- JUNE 1965 The Weather Bureau's 30 - day outlook for mid - May to mid - June calls for temperatures ... Weekend rains of 2.5 to 6 inches fell in the Black Hills area of South Dakota . Featuring over 16,000 feet of elevation gain for the 100M event, the race follows an out and back course, beginning and ending in legendary Sturgis, SD. The data are also input into forecast models to produce extended-range forecast guidance. Found inside – Page 8... and eastern Black Hills on the evening of June 9, caused the worst natural disaster in South Dakota history. ... by winds gust- ing to 50 m.p.h. Hurricane Agnes played the star roll in the weather news in the fourth week of June. Over $12 million in funds from Housing and Urban Development (HUD) was allotted for relocation of homes and businesses displaced by the flood. 20. 7:30 pm – KOTA received a call from the dam tender at Pactola of rapid rises along several creeks. When the bottom of the weight is resting on the water surface, a river stage reading can be obtained from the graduated disc and counter. The 8-inch standard non-recording rain gauge has been used since 1891 as the official precipitation measuring device. Luckily, the southern hills are generally fairly arid and lack any real snow deposits, making accessibility a possibility if temperatures permit climbing. Found inside – Page 319The Black Hills , South Dakota , flood of June 9 , 1972 which followed rainfall of 12 inches or more in 6 hours on the east slope of the ... National Weather Service as described by the Denver Post , June 13 , 1973 , print attached . Users receive the warnings through a satellite downlink. Upslope clouds formed over western South Dakota by the process of orographic lifting; when terrain forces air to rise, the air becomes saturated as it cools, and clouds develop. The county has installed nine additional sirens in the city since then and has four more serving outlying areas of the county. Although the weather in the area is hard to predict Late spring is western South Dakota's rain season, when the area receives over a third of its annual rain. Stations would monitor one designated station in the area for emergency messages and manually activate the system. |. Black Hills of South Dakota July 20-25, 2021 - Five Nights Highlights: Rapid City . 6:30 pm – The Pennington County Civil Defense Director called the Rapid City police to report 3 inches of rain at Pactola Dam, and that Rapid Creek was rising rapidly. Forecasts were made by the NWS offices in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and Minneapolis, Minnesota. Humidity is generally low - temps are generally milder in the higher elevations in regards to extreme cold and extreme hot on the flip side though winter starts a bit earlier and runs a bit longer in the northern hills area of Lead/Deadwood, with a bit more rain and a lot more snow than most surrounding areas. Straightening the channel was not well received according to the Flood Disaster Feasibility Study. From the four faces carved high on Mount Rushmore and the Cathedral Spires of Custer State Park to the wondrous caverns of Wind Cave, from the otherworldly Badlands in the east to Devils Tower in the west - the Black Hills are home to many truly monumental places. Warnings for tornadoes, severe thunderstorms, and flash floods activate weather radio receivers to alert people to the hazard even if they're sleeping, watching cable or satellite TV, don't live near a warning siren, are outdoors, or the electricity is off. The work was done under the supervision of M. R. Campbell, geologist in charge of the economic geology of fuels, to whom the writer is indebted for helpful suggestions and criticisms. Tipping bucket gauges collect rainfall in a two-chambered bucket until the weight of the precipitation causes the bucket to tip, dump the collected water, and move to the other chamber under the funnel. 15 inches (380 mm) of rain in a small area over the Black Hills caused Rapid Creek and other waterways to overflow. June 9, 1972 (all times are Mountain Daylight Time). NOAA National Weather Service National Weather Service. The South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (SDSMT) Institute of Atmospheric Sciences also operated a radar and contacted the NWS Office periodically with information until the SDSMT radar was shut off at 7:00 p.m. Miscellaneous annual streamflow measurements also are made at several additional sites throughout the State. Water vapor images are also enhanced to make analysis easier. Top rodeos in the Black Hills include the Day's of '76 Rodeo in Deadwood, the Black Hills Roundup in Belle held over the Fourth of July weekend, the Mt Rushmore Rodeo at Palmer Gulch and the Black Hills Stock Show and Rodeo in Rapid City. Found inside – Page 281... HIGHLIGHTS : The Black Hills Disaster and Hurricane Agnes overshadowed other weather events in June 1972 . ... the 19th a large high was centered over southwestern Saskatachewan , By the 21st , it had moved to eastern South Dakota . BLACK HAWK, S.D. var m3_r = Math.floor(Math.random()*99999999999); Rapid City was founded in 1876. The Internet has many sites with weather forecasts and warnings (including official NWS products), and small satellite systems are available for homes and businesses to provide warnings, forecasts, and radar data. The 1972 Black Hills-Rapid City Flood Revisited; 2002; FS; 037-02; Carter, Janet M.; Williamson, Joyce E.; Teller, Ralph W. Geographic Names Information System (GNIS), Mapping, Remote Sensing, and Geospatial Data, Photos of the aftermath of the 1972 flood, Aerial Photos of the Aftermath of the 1972 Flood. Day 3 - Black Hills . Average annual flood damage is around $7.8 billion with an average of 94 deaths. Application deadline: December 31, 2021. United States - Black Hills/Badlands in early May? Final environmental impact statement, pp. Dry periods are likely after spring thunderstorms, especially in the western part of the state. March is typically the snowiest month of the year with 15 - 25 inches in the northern Hills and 8 - 12 inches across the southern Black Hills. Obtaining measurements of various elements is necessary to forecast conditions in the environment. Geological Survey Professional Paper 877, US Government Printing Office, Washington, pp 47. The use of satellite data to monitor storm development was not very advanced in 1972. Winter temperatures can range from -20°F to 65°F in a given two-day period. Twenty sites in the area provided precipitation readings on a daily basis. High temperatures now reach the 40's with lows in the 20's. April can also be a snowy time in the hills where spring storms can dump several feet in one day. The information was recorded on a paper form and disseminated to other users on a teletype machine. Week-long Road Trip thru South Dakota's Black Hills Itinerary. Found inside – Page 6During June devastating floods hit the Black Hills area of South Dakota and the Eastern seaboard . ... Weather during June was generally cool and wet over the eastern half of the Nation and favored crop growth and development . WeatherForYou.com. Found inside – Page 81SUPPLEMENTARY PRECIPITATION DATA STORM OF JUNE 9-10 , 1972 BLACK HILLS AREA OF SOUTH DAKOTA THE BLACK HILLS FLOOD OF JUNE 9 , 10 , 1972 THE FOLLOWING DATA HAS BEEN COLLECTED THROUGH THE COOPERATIVE EFFORTS OF THE NATIONAL WEATHER ... Sorry, the location you searched for was not found. Peak flow was 50,600 cubic feet per second, more than 10 times greater than the previous flood of record. We had cool, rainy weather for a couple days (not straight days) in late August, so you just never know. The air northeast of the front was very humid, with drier air southwest of the front. RAPID CITY, S.D. Found inside – Page 132Record breaking temperatures 1892 occurred at several stations on the 29th . The snowfall was moderately heavy in the Black Hills but elsewhere it was rather 1895 7.40 Marston 8 5 6 Oct. 8 8 6 Oct. Oct. 8 6 5 8 8 Orman Ottumwa June 1 ... if (document.MAX_used != ',') document.write ("&exclude=" + document.MAX_used); The Black Hills, located on the boundary between South Dakota At one place, Rapid City, humidity data are for 8 am and 5 pm. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District, 1972: Cheyenne River Basin, South Dakota Black Hills Area Flood of 9-10 June 1972, pp. Dennis, A. S., R. A. Schleusener, J. H. Hirsch and Alexander Koscielski, 1973: Meteorology of the Black Hills Flood of 1972. Our winters are warmer than the neighboring regions which means we can actually enjoy outdoor wintertime fun and our summers are cooler. In 1972, Rapid City had only four outdoor sirens, which were not used during the 1972 flood. C. F. Boone Publishing, 1972: The Rapid City Flood…June 9, 1972, 66 pp. Found inside – Page 17From the middle of the month onward considerable cool weather occurred in the north - central and northeastern districts ... western North Dakota , and the Black Hills region ; also in central New Mexico and a few other districts . Ordinances have been passed that prohibit development in the greenway along Rapid Creek. During the 1972 flood, debris clogged the spillway, temporarily raising the pool 12 feet deeper than usual. 290 helpful votes. Forecasters can examine weather observations, satellite images, radar data, lightning strike information, river observations, and computer generated forecasts at their workstations. Nearly 15 inches of rain fell in about 6 hours near Nemo, and more than 10 inches of rain fell over an area of 60 square miles. Found inside – Page 5Considerable snow fell in the Black Hills region . Corn Flandreau June 9 Sept. 21 Fort Meade Oct. May 13 Sept. 21 Goldfield June 8 Sept. 30 was damaged by cold weather and farm work was delayed by Greenwood . May 18 June 13 Sept. The heaviest rainfall in Rapid City occurred between 10:30 pm on June 9 and 1:00 am on June 10. Rain, funneled into a narrower tube that "magnifies" the catch, can be read to the nearest hundredth of an inch using a specially calibrated measuring stick. Day 2 - Minuteman Missile and Badlands. Rothrock, Edgar Paul, 1943: A Geology of South Dakota, State of South Dakota, pp 88. Average Weather in September at Black Hills Airport. However, data collection platforms (DCPs) are electronic devices connected to river or rain gauges to automatically record stage and precipitation data. Craving more of the great outdoors? Check out Moon Zion & Bryce or Moon Yellowstone & Grand Teton. For full coverage of America's national parks, check out Moon USA National Parks: The Complete Guide to All 59 National Parks. Weather: Very warm and sunny with the occasional afternoon thunderstorm. Found inside – Page 3... conditions in the Black Hills area of port . The following factors may be used to convert South Dakota were not abnormal immediately prior the English units published herein to the Interna- to the events of June 9-10 , 1972. The Black Hills area is a well-developed tourist area. T-storms, then sunny; cool, then warm. Custer State Park. Other types of recording gauges include the Fischer–Porter punched tape recorder and the tipping bucket. //]]>-->. The narrower tube holds up to 2 inches of rain, so the larger tube acts as an overflow. Although there are many types of river gauges, they are classified as either recording or non-recording. Although Pactola Reservoir was effective in storing runoff that originated upstream of Pactola Dam, the heaviest rainfall occurred downstream of the dam. For reference, on July 27, the hottest day . Two common types of non-recording gauges are staff gauges and wire-weight gauges. The Rapid City–Pennington County Emergency Management office can also activate the EAS from the Emergency Operations Center. Start your day with KELOLAND On The Go with everything you need to know in news and weather. Infrared images (center image) show infrared energy radiated from the top of objects in the satellite's view. Over 1,800 houses were flooded—1,335 of which were destroyed. These images are available 24 hours a day. Questions? The NWS office in Rapid City is part of a network that takes observations of the upper atmosphere that provide forecasters with a three-dimensional view of the atmosphere. document.write (document.charset ? It is an excellent tool to track larger scale storm systems and the path of jet streams, which affect the development of thunderstorms (as well as winter storms).

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