0000008802 00000 n The goal of the analysis was to help determine the most efficient use of survey resources considering Bathymetric Survey Methods Multi-beam surveying: A multibeam echo sounder attached to a boat sends out a wide array of beams across a "swath" of the waterbody floor. 0000000971 00000 n 0000081426 00000 n 0000003294 00000 n 0000002322 00000 n Hydrographic Surveying. Bathymetry Survey . 0000081228 00000 n 0000005926 00000 n endstream endobj 49 0 obj<> endobj 50 0 obj<> endobj 51 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 52 0 obj<> endobj 53 0 obj<> endobj 54 0 obj<> endobj 55 0 obj<> endobj 56 0 obj[/ICCBased 76 0 R] endobj 57 0 obj<> endobj 58 0 obj<> endobj 59 0 obj<> endobj 60 0 obj<>stream Since its inception, staff members within the hydrographic survey program have completed volumetric surveys of more than 100 reservoirs, producing survey reports generally within 3-6 months of the survey completion. Hydrographic Surveying. 48 43 This manual describes the hardware and field procedures associated with collecting bathymetric data with the BASS system. Surveying Techiniques and Marine Resources resources assessment methods was contributed by Assessment, was held in Mombasa, Kenya, in Dr Philip Tortell of Environmental Management . Bathymetry is the study of the "beds" or "floors" of water bodies, including the ocean, rivers, streams, and lakes. 0000006865 00000 n ��n��v���뒡��I�s�H ���.��F���~6?v/�w ����1��%\�Jጓ��H�Τ�hf�gq�- �Ώږ�\mp7Oq��,��Sf��Wf�5���'�X?����g^��EYq���� ��B+�4�|����ɫ��\��(�g���!��v�b�]�0 F:m� This was the desired method because of the rapid collection of data and accurate geographical positioning. Beyond the 3,000-m isobath, data from various sources have been used to compile a bathymetric 0000003978 00000 n Hydrographic Survey Cost Comparison - Methods and Procedures May 11, 2005 In 2001, NOAA's Office of Coast Survey (OCS) undertook a study to obtain overall cost estimates for acquiring hydrographic data. Figure 6 Shoreline survey using survey grade GPS system provides a zero depth for bathymetric survey. Step 1 is shown by default. is intended as a planning tool. The bathymetric survey of Lake Vrana included a wide range of activities that were performed in several different stages, in accordance with the standards set by the International Hydrographic Organization. xref However, the bathymetric survey procedures and methods meet Class 1 standards as described in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Hydrographic Survey Manual (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2001) and hydrographic survey specifications of the National Ocean Service (National Ocean Service 1999). startxref 0000068415 00000 n Scientists onboard the ship take measurements of the speed of sound in the water where they are surveying so they can translate the two-way travel time from the ship to the seafloor and back . Principal Results The first method uses large objects in the sidescan sonar field of view that are resolved in the Each method produces a different result, so the main challenge is to determine the characteristics of errors and variability of approximated values by comparing and testing different interpolation methods. (Bathymetric Automated Survey System), is recommended as the general standard for Ministry sponsored work. Project: Delta Levee Repair. 90 0 obj<>stream Bathymetric Survey equipment: Bathymetry is the study of the underwater depth of the lake and ocean floors. This bathymetry solution is also synchronized with Hydromagic Survey software package. Bathymetric surveys allow us to measure the depth of a water body as well as map the underwater features of a water body. Hydrographic surveying for the County of Marin Dredging project CSA-29 under supervision of the County Flood Department. ). 0000060875 00000 n Most of the data was collected by a computerized hydrographic survey system. Bathymetry is the measurement of the depth of water in oceans, rivers, or lakes. endstream endobj 67 0 obj<>stream 0000081712 00000 n Information on the processing of the data in a GIS (Geographic Manual of Fisheries Survey Methods II January 2000 Chapter 12 Manual of Fisheries Survey Methods II: with periodic updates Chapter 12: Three Methods for Computing the Volume of a Lake Clarence M. Taube Suggested citation: Taube, Clarence M. 2000. Hydrographic surveying is mainly conducted under authority concerns. %PDF-1.3 %���� The term "bathymetry" originally referred to the ocean's depth relative to sea level, although it has come to mean "submarine topography," or the depths and shapes of underwater terrain. Dominguez Channel Bathymetric Investigation Report June 16th, 21018 2 SURVEY MATERIALS & METHODS Field efforts were initiated over three separate events, once from January, once in February, and a final Instructions for winter lake mapping. x�b```f``����� $� Ȁ ��@Q�)�&�ʨp˚|��é �'0A�!���ˎ�(1�"�*���,�]v����6�v���NGm��.�>b��K4 � �� I���(n M����k�E����r��|�]�xø�a����醃wYEx}�����������E�j�i�u�j 3��G��u��T���f`~) ���������Ҍ@� � `EM� 0000002753 00000 n 4600009769 Equipment Preparation The preparation to be carried out is: Hardware . 89 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 92 /H [ 1025 426 ] /L 224272 /E 40745 /N 14 /T 222374 >> endobj xref 89 23 0000000016 00000 n Bathymetric and Hydrographic Surveys in Kenya and East Africa. From rivers to lakes to canals, from parkland to quarries to the built environment we have a wealth of experience. Estimates of siltation rates in small reservoirs can be obtained from several methods, indirectly by measurements of suspended sediment fluxes, sediment traps or runoff/sediment yield estimations and more directly by bathymetric surveys or sediment coring of deposited bottom sediments. Some of the fi rst recorded measurements of bathymetry were made by the British explorer Sir James Clark Ross in 1840, by the U.S. Coast Survey beginning in 1845 with systematic studies of the Gulf Stream, and by the U.S. Navy, under the guidance of Matthew Fontaine Maury, beginning in 1849. The coordinates will be verified and approved by Client Representative prior to the commencement of work. 2.1 . %%EOF Traditional methods for mapping bathymetry include shipborne acoustic surveys (M. F. Wilson et al., 2007), airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) (Hilldale & Raff, 2008; Kao et al., 2009; Westfeld et al., 2017), and Spectrally Derived 0000003864 00000 n During a period of two weeks, a single DriX performed hydrographic and geophysical surveys. Hydrographic surveying or bathymetric surveying is the survey of physical features present underwater. Satellite Derived Bathymetry (SDB) is a relatively new survey method which uses satellite or other remote multispectral imagery for depth determination (Marks, 2018). It is the science of measuring all factors beneath water that affect all the marine activities like dredging, marine constructions, offshore drilling etc. endstream endobj 63 0 obj<> endobj 64 0 obj<> endobj 65 0 obj<> endobj 66 0 obj<>stream Method Statement for Bathymetric Survey. Bathymetric: Bathymetric LIDAR measures distances in aquatic environments by using a water-penetrating green light laser. H��SMk�0�ﯘ��"ɖdC)4 zl�S���j7.�loB�}G��i��²�FOof��n�3�e� ���\��c�ss]�:b8����qƹPIf���щ�`R���=!�xO~�f9���2Ӈ��-�Ju�H����Ӿ��uA��w�z���Y�ѝ6�3c��R�P&���Χt� �M��+�q�2���S*ڜ�/ˑ�2��B��������� Bathymetry surveys are carried out with either an over-the-side or hull mounted narrow beam [5°] transducer in a survey vessel. This data collection method has since been used in a number of countries, including Denmark and the UAE. There are other specific types of surveys dealing with water, like basin or interior hydrography, which is specifically for rivers and bodies of potable (drinkable) water. Deep Water Survey. It is the science of measuring all factors beneath water that affect all the marine activities like dredging, marine constructions, offshore drilling etc. Sludge accumulation in WSPs can impact performance by reducing the effective volume of the pond, and altering the pond hydraulics . Images (c) ERELIS In the bathymetric survey, charts are produced to support the safety of surface or sub-surface navigations which usually show seafloor relief or terrain as contour lines (depth contours), and such a chart provides surface navigational information. A circular shape with increasingly smaller circles inside of it can . 0000001496 00000 n 0000002559 00000 n Damaged sections of canal liner and embankment will be repaired by various methods including grouting of voids, sealing cracks, or removing old liner sections and replacing them with new concrete liners. Additional case stud-ies throughout the Nation are needed to more clearly define whether the methods for noninvasive bathymetric and velocity surveys for dam safety will be successful in a variety of settings. Michael Dequine and Associates, Inc. would typically provide horizontal and vertical survey control points along the corridor to be surveyed. Results of . Positioning and Navigation A wide area DGPS was used to position the survey vessel. Bathymetric Survey Methods Multi-beam surveying: A multibeam echo sounder attached to a boat sends out a wide array of beams across a "swath" of the waterbody floor. Description: MSE, INC conducted a Class 1 bathymetric pre-dredge survey of the Marina to help with Marina redesign efforts and future dredging needs. Several data types were used to generate the continuous surface of bathymetry. %PDF-1.4 %���� H�b```f``ad`e``�g`@ �(G������09�B(��`�I�9�Bj��~���60 U�h飯����j��%x{���v?�������tBM�J��s��h�i~����%����E��B�yQ�)��i��~4����!-�;؀�� �9:E�r@�1�fҀ�%$�9��Y9��K�ED�>]�U����Ef1gge�be��Pa�n�ƺ�A�q�w��!��O20i>���b��20Ǿa -S�d�k����2R�f_Htg. Here we present S2Shores (Satellite to Shores), the first sub-kilometer global atlas of coastal bathymetry based on depth inversion from wave kinematics captured by the Sentinel-2 constellation. Bathymetric Surveys. This data collection method has been used in a number of countries, including Denmark and the UAE. Posted : February 28, 2014 4:36 pm Gerry Pena (@gerry-pena) 50+ posts Member. Hydrographic surveying or bathymetric surveying is the survey of physical features present underwater. Bathymetry is the measurement of water depth: height from water bed to water surface. <<45DCBCB0F6C03547B760C9BAB8AAE53C>]>> trailer << /Size 112 /Info 85 0 R /Root 90 0 R /Prev 222364 /ID[<9736a30a3331ae4d765c3276f08eab34><9736a30a3331ae4d765c3276f08eab34>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 90 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 83 0 R /PageLabels 81 0 R /FICL:Enfocus 86 0 R /PageMode /UseThumbs /PageLayout /OneColumn /OpenAction 91 0 R >> endobj 91 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 92 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 110 0 obj << /S 238 /T 313 /L 373 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 111 0 R >> stream 5.2. 0000011973 00000 n 0000008654 00000 n 0000003075 00000 n The ocean bathymetry were revealed (Fig. 0000014642 00000 n trailer 0000001673 00000 n 0000037596 00000 n 0000039099 00000 n Arc Surveying & Mapping is the first choice of clients requiring accurate, reliable and cost-effective multibeam swath bathymetric sounding, singlebeam dual frequency surveys, Blueview sonar scanner surveys, side scan sonar surveys, magnetometer surveys, sub-bottom surveys and vessel mounted terrestrial laser scanner shoreline surveys all . It is a bathymetric survey. Bathymetric Surveys and Line Keeping. In May, SPH Engineering launched a UAV integrated with an echo sounder, as a new product for bathymetric surveys of inland and coastal waters. Bathymetric maps look a lot like topographic maps, which use lines to show the shape and elevation of land features.. On topographic maps, the lines connect points of equal elevation.On bathymetric maps, they connect points of equal depth. just a surveying rod . Position the cursor over the text "Step 2" or "Step 3" to change the image. Michael Dequine and Associates, Inc. provides Hydrographic and Bathymetric Surveys by teaming with one of our many sub-consultants. 0000003184 00000 n It is the science of measuring all factors beneath water that affect all the marine activities like dredging, marine constructions, offshore drilling etc. In this report, I shall discuss the importance and applications . 0000002281 00000 n These surveys may be conducted for many . Bathymetric surveying of a reservoir bottom is presently routine, but in this study, we used a wide combination of bathymetric mapping methods (sonar, ground penetration radar, and sub-bottom . Hydrographic surveying or bathymetric surveying is the survey of physical features present underwater. 2000. As the Auckland Council owns and manages around 350 wet ponds within the region, the chosen methodology needed to be reliable and . This bathymetry solution is also synchronized with Hydromagic Survey software package. Bathymetry (/ b ə ˈ θ ɪ m ə t r i /; from Ancient Greek βαθύς (bathus) 'deep', and μέτρον (metron) 'measure') is the study of underwater depth of ocean floors or lake floors. The method has proven to be both time and cost efficient and suitable for mapping, measuring and inspections, as well as environmental monitoring. The narrow beam averages over a smaller . Figure 7 Wadable lake bottom surveyed with GPS, extending to depth/shoreline. H���M��@���+�z�����x5&z�����2�,:+����v;2h�p�T?��[7oo�=�xv�=��1DN��A��y�Pp��*�-�#�g��B �dq'��dw���8�c��M�43a��{l��p�t=���2�m{�@�Oqu��$C�ٿ���,�� TA��Ǭ1c8�.�UF����vcpԉ�D�c�Ͼ3��:��uȝ��b��a7�ze?� ���eô&�(���R�f7�,[sa�Mn�{c�8⚢��L � +���5f�%l����X ]]Ε�)��Z�?/I|9��j\�|�����=VO�8��E81�"�h�}Y���1�F)�@ 7����pN#n��s�k��J-�T1�.��8x�4E��R$V+�a”��3����n�c��*'a�P9�,Gb�vu�_7&{����G���ïI���s�7U�ĤZ�Zr��]��|����ph*�l]��Lr��=�_/��V�v� ��w���K� u�M A circular shape with increasingly smaller circles inside of it can . Bathymetric maps look a lot like topographic maps, which use lines to show the shape and elevation of land features.. On topographic maps, the lines connect points of equal elevation.On bathymetric maps, they connect points of equal depth. Data has been collected using a wide range of methods and systems, from lead-line to modern day multi-transducer and multibeam systems. making LIDAR one of the fastest surveying methods available. The introduction of swathmapping and multibeam bathymetry systems has dramatically To maximise detail and coverage, bathymetry survey operators are nowadays utilising both shallow-water and deep-water sensors simultaneously in twin optical port survey aircraft. A multi-beam echo sounder attaches to a boat sends out a wide array of beams across a "swath" of the waterbody floor. sonar survey data is determining the position of the sonar towfish during the survey. Bathymetric surveys are used to characterize the seafloor morphology, generation of bathymetric profiles and in pre & post dredging survey operations and volume calculations. In this report, I shall discuss the importance and applications . 5.2. Water depth measurement of ocean, rivers and lakes for construction and engineering design: There are two methods commonly used in hydrographic surveys, single beam echo sounder which collect data in a single line along the survey path, and multi-beam echo sounder (MBES) which collect swathe bathymetry data in a single sweep . 2.3.1 Bathymetry 12 2.3.2 Measurement of tide (water level variation) 13 . This data-collection method has since been used in Denmark and the UAE, and is suitable for mapping, measuring and inspections, as well as . Traditionally, bathymetry mapping of ponds, lakes, and rivers have used techniques which are low in spatial resolution. 0000003218 00000 n Survey methods in detail Multiple methods can be used for bathymetric surveys including multi-beam and single-beam surveys, ADCPs, sub-bottom profilers, and the Ecomapper Autonomous Underwater Vehicle. The latter methods are described here. - Because the swath width decreases in shallow water, many . 0000002972 00000 n The utility of bathymetric data depends on the resolution at which it is collected. H�TP�n� �� Multibeam Bathymetry surveys allow us to measure the depth of a water body and map the underwater features. The opportunity to employ GIS for bathymetric surveying was based on the need to provide output data to the customer. systems provide a PDBS significantly wider swath in shallow water (depth 35 meters) compared to less than Multibeam Echo Sounders (MBES). Waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) are utilized worldwide for wastewater treatment, and throughout their operation require periodic sludge surveys. The "Set 2" point was used as the GPS base for the 2009 bathymetric survey. Control Survey Data Information Prior to the 2010 bathymetric survey, a temporary point was set in a flat open area west of the dam using OPUS to establish the horizontal and vertical control datum. 0000001451 00000 n This type of LIDAR is commonly used in civil engineering and roadwork applications that require working with underwater environments, such as under bridges. endstream endobj 61 0 obj<> endobj 62 0 obj<>stream 0000008524 00000 n Included in the report are updated elevation-area-capacity tables, bathymetric contour maps, and survey cross-sections. Bathymetric Sonar (PDBS) systems, orinterferometric sonar , have overcome the efficiency and cost obstacles associated with traditional surveying methods. Bathymetric Surveying Using Acoustic Methods. The seafloor depth, or bathymetry, is computed by measuring the time it takes for the sound to leave the array, hit the seafloor, and return to the array. The seafloor—or bathymetry—of the world's coastal waters remains largely unknown despite its primary importance to human activities and ecosystems. 3 Keywords: bathymetric survey, single beam sonar, interpolation methods, RTK-GPS, Lake Vrana4 5 16 Introduction 7 The methodology of bathymetric research has undergone many conceptual changes in the last few decades, especially since the mid 20th8 century and the . Laser scanners simultaneously scan the water surface and the water bottom in the green wavelength range. 0000003560 00000 n The density of water in the Dead Sea is 1.24 kg/l.". 0000001815 00000 n METHODS AND RESOLUTION LIMITATIONS . As the beams are bounced back from the waterbody floor, the data is collected and processed. 0000001576 00000 n 0000025989 00000 n 0000000808 00000 n 0000001156 00000 n The 2008-2009 bathymetry surveys were conducted as a test to (1) develop acquisition and processing technology utilizing both single beam and swath bathymetry survey methods together, (2) reference both types of measurements to GPS rather than water level, and (3) compare the differences between methods in acquisition and processing. (Sounding) . An unmanned survey vessel (USV) outfitted with sonar and LiDAR sensors will be used to perform above and below water inspection and assessment . 0000002316 00000 n 0000006082 00000 n ¼Ä¦ï#¸†ÊšbD¾½ª86¶/ø¬ÓU³:/ª9¹*ªaÕëyV4­/lóÜÖK؎,Ø^òÉö>Œ³õy]4.³®‚ç~Ñ^É1Ýò$plaTB}èÝE‰ÍT,X5* y4øuh™ÜMµ1–î*æKΰ0 äàÍûUüæ =ô/ô¨Mô(“öø(.a‰’¿ásaõò5=boT—ù;é-1Mÿ¡×9ÿ#ù#I?€7b. A nearshore bathymetric survey for port facilities in 1980 showed that, beyond the fringing reef, the submarine slope descends at about 34° (Jacobson and Hill, 1988).No other bathymetric data are available within the 3,000-m isobath surrounding Nauru. H�tT���0��+XJ@,Xv�Hy�V�n��^[N��ځ�$��)J�4�$%�3����[ �V�����V*�?����GL�g?��hT-�����$]�V�$��l�^���,:ՈAVx�,� Methods: Bathymetric surveys provide a depth contour map of the sea-bottom using a recording echo sounder (~200 kHz) and an integrated navigation system. It is the science of measuring all factors beneath water that affect all the marine activities like dredging, marine constructions, offshore drilling etc. 0000004478 00000 n 0000037391 00000 n 0000080956 00000 n BATHYMETRIC AND GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY REPORT . Bathymetric maps are generated by the interpolation process shown below. [1] acoustic methods can be used throughout all oceanic depths from shallow estuaries to the deepest trenches. 1). 0000000016 00000 n 0 Bathymetry is the measurement of the depth of water in oceans, rivers, or lakes. It is the investigation of estimating all elements underneath the water that influence all the marine exercises like digging, marine developments, Offshore drilling and so forth. 0000002579 00000 n CHS has an extensive collection of hydrographic survey data in the form of field sheets based on over 100 years of surveying in Canada. Welcome to Autodesk's Civil 3D Forums. Hydrographic Survey over or Bathymetric Survey is the overview of physical attributes present underwater. Since its inception, staff members within the hydrographic survey program have completed volumetric surveys of more than 100 reservoirs, producing survey reports generally within 3-6 months of the survey completion. 0000004755 00000 n 0000068872 00000 n As the beams are bounced back from the waterbody floor, the data is collected and processed. 0000001637 00000 n 0000011606 00000 n continuous surface of bathymetry for pool-wide coverages. When performing bathymetric surveys in deep bodies of water (like seas and oceans) for marine construction projects like dredging or offshore energy, multi-beam survey technology aboard a custom vessel is typically utilized. The survey was conducted using an integrated measuring system which consisted of three main parts: a single-beam sonar Hydrostar 4300, GPS devices Ashtech Promark 500 - base, and a Thales Z . bathymetric surveys, aerial drone and panoramic video mapping were also carried out. This is the preferred way to confirm location and depth to adjust and correct depth finder readings if necessary. Unless your accuracy is extraordinary, this simple method should work for you and your client. Bathymetry map of East Flower Garden Bank. 0000009947 00000 n 0000003335 00000 n 48 0 obj <> endobj method as a "rope and lead" (f or deeper water, over 10m) or even . The standard measurement tool for bathymetry is echo sounding, and the surv. A "wide area" application operates with correction values applied to a stand-alone GPS receiver from base stations located over large distances. Drone Based Bathymetric Survey. f BATHYMETRY SURVEY PROCEDURE 6769-22-TNF-PWK-3-006-P REV.1 REPAIR OF EXPOSED 30" PIPELINE AT RCB- PAGE TNF 565 & 563 Status : A 11 of 37 CONTRACT No. Two methods have been developed to solve this problem using available bathymetric data covering the same area as the sonar survey. An example of the types of maps that can be generated from the above process is shown in the Frequently asked questions section of this web site. The bathymetric survey of Lake Vrana was performed in order to enable optimal management of the water level, to classify the lake's bottom . The Greenhatch Hydro Division is the newest division of the Greenhatch Group. ric and velocity surveys used during the case study showed promise in locating potential dam or intake maintenance areas. The survey service was required to determine the topography of the waterway around the work site before dredging services and post dredging service. curacy bathymetric data because they are rather difficult and expensive to obtain. During summer 2008, the Advanced Technology and Manufacturing Center (ATMC) at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth was approached by the City of New Bedford to survey a reservoir pond system, which they decided to jointly conduct using AUVs. We would then provide topographic surveys of the ground surface down to . �^K��������` ��h� Reply Quote. The results of SDB method are applicable in many hydrographic branches and generally in marine sciences (bathymetry, cartography, coastal management, water quality monitoring, etc. many survey lines with overlapping tracks must be run. Chapter 12 in Schneider, James C. 0000003079 00000 n Bathymetry survey prior, progress and post dredging will be used as a mean for dredging volume calculation and verification too.The survey will be conducted . Investment in state of the art equipment guarantees project requirements no matter how big or small can be serviced. 0000068644 00000 n Both reservoirs serve as water supply, flood control, and recreational resources for the city of Indianapolis and the surrounding communities.Morse and Geist Reservoirs were surveyed to . just a surveying rod . 10x Faster & 2x Cost-Efficient Acquire seamless bathymetry data of coastal and inland water. bathymetric surveys, aerial drone and panoramic video mapping were also carried out. 0000006181 00000 n 0000001944 00000 n . Client: Siegfried Engineering, July 2008. The quality of the bathymetry of several of SHOM's reference surfaces was assessed, ranging from 10m up to . In other words, bathymetry is the underwater equivalent to hypsometry or topography.The first recorded evidence of water depth measurements are from Ancient Egypt over 3000 years ago. 0000005506 00000 n 2 1 presented new scientific and methodological data related to the bathymetric features, surface 2 area and volume of Lake Vrana. A bathymetric survey is a specific type of water survey dealing exclusively with the underwater land and the mapping of the seabed. Digitally stored data can be imported into standard contour programs to provide bathymetric maps at any requested scale and contour interval. Subsequently, two DriXs operating simultaneously performed the same surveys during a period of ten days. 0000001429 00000 n Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) - drone equipped with Echo Sounder is the best solution especially for hard to reach areas The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Citizens Energy Group, conducted a bathymetric survey of Morse and Geist Reservoirs in central Indiana in April and May of 2016 with a multibeam echosounder. Multiple methods can be used for bathymetric surveys, including multi-beam and single-beam surveys, ADCPs, sub-bottom profilers, and the Ecomapper Autonomous Underwater Vehicle. We were engaged by Auckland Council to develop and test a methodology to assess the accumulation of sediments within stormwater treatment ponds in the Auckland region. The processed data can be viewed in real time on the boat during the survey. Using DEM of . 0000005362 00000 n 0000004106 00000 n

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