During the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, a United States special forces task force was headquartered just outside Erbil. Studies in Caucasian History III, Prehistory of Saladin. Although the press is largely free, there have been some incidents involving journalistic intimidation, harassment, and even killings. The city is surrounded by Nineveh from west and Kirkuk city from east and Iran and Turkey from North. Since the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, Erbil has experienced an incredible economic boom that has brought tall buildings, modern housing, expensive hotels, new well-paved two- and four-lane roads, shopping centres, excellent restaurants, parks, and a hospital. The Battle of Gaugamela, in which Alexander the Great defeated Darius III of Persia, took place in 331 BC approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of Erbil. Corrections? There are traces of early settled existence in the Erbil region as far back as the twenty-third century BC, but probably the first major population expansion took place when Cyaxares (625 - 585 BC), the first King of Media, settled some of the sagarthian tribes in what is today Erbil and Kirkuk. [26] During the Parthian era to early Sassanid era, Erbil became the capital of the Ashkenazi-Riphathean[24][25] state of Adiabene. [47] Erbil has a system of five ring roads encirling the city. Considering this as a foreign attack on Iraq's soil, the KDP asked Saddam Hussein for help. West of the citadel at Ary Kon quarter, a chamber tomb dating to the Neo-Assyrian Empire period has been excavated. Erbil is also home to a large population of refugees due to ongoing conflicts in Syria and in the rest of Iraq. Summer months are extremely dry, with little to no precipitation occurring between June and September. Public schools are badly overcrowded, and many students can only attend three hours per day. That is because of the ancient establishment of the city (The city was established in 2300 BC by the Sumerians). After the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, Arbela became part of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire. [30] It served as the seat of a Metropolitan of the Assyrian Church of the East. 1953. Erbil Erbil is the capital and largest city in Iraqi Kurdistan, and the fourth-largest city in Iraq.It is one of the oldest continually-inhabited sites of human civilization, and is also a rapidly-growing and urbanizing center for the oil industry and NGOs in the Middle East. The parliament of the Kurdistan Autonomous Region was established in Erbil in 1970 after negotiations between the Iraqi government and the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) led by Mustafa Barzani, but was effectively controlled by Saddam Hussein until the Kurdish uprising at the end of the 1991 Gulf War. In 1297, after Ghazan had felt strong enough to overcome Nauruz's influence, he put a stop to the persecutions. Refered to as “Hawler” in Kurdish, Erbil is the capital of Kurdistan and is located … Erbil's archaeological museum houses a large collection of pre-Islamic artefacts, particularly the art of Mesopotamia, and is a center for archaeological projects in the area. The attack targeted the US coalition base in the northern Iraq city, killing a civilian contractor and injuring eight others.. However, Erbil continued to suffer economically as a result of the economic blockade imposed upon it by Saddam and by UN sanctions against Iraq. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The city has an ethnically diverse population of Kurds, Turkmens,[15] Assyrians, Arabs and Armenians. Masoud Barzani, president of the Kurdistan Regional Government, and Paul Wolfowitz, U.S. deputy secretary of defense, greeting children in Erbil, Iraq, 2004. It is the capital of Kurdistan Region and the second capital of the Federal of Iraq after Baghdad. Akre is rich in historical sites, such as temples, statues, and ancient buildings, and mineral springs can be found near the town. J. von Hammer-Purgstall. Erbil’s Kurdish Sunni Muslim majority speaks the Sōrānī Kurdish dialect. Akre is located 100 km East of Duhok, 25 km from the Ruvea intersection, on the way to Erbil and the Barzan Region. Erbil is the birthplace of Ibn Khallikān (1211–82), the Muslim jurist famous as the compiler of a great biographical dictionary of Arab scholars, and, in modern times, İhsan Doğramacı (1915–2010), a famous Turkish physician and educational administrator, and Abdulla Pashew (born 1946), an eminent Kurdish poet. Updates? Erbil combines with Dahuk and Sulaymaniyah to form the area administrated by the Kurdistan Regional The city was an early centre of Christianity, and a small number of Christians still live there and in such nearby wealthy subdistricts as Ankawa (Arabic: ʿAyn Kāwah). The government plans to have 50 families live in the citadel once it is renovated. The area has an abundance of markets and restaurants and is only ten minutes away from all the city’s major tourist sites, including gardens, museums, and nightlife. The city is host to Salahaddin University, which was originally established in 1968 in Al-Sulaymāniyyah but moved to Erbil in 1981. Iraq, 75, 1-42. doi:10.1017/S0021088900000401. [16], The city's ancient name, known in the classical era as Arbela (Greek: Ἄρβηλα; translit. However, Muhammad “Sami” Abdul Rahman, a well-known Kurdish leader, and more than 100 other people were killed by a bomb that was detonated at an important reception in February 2004; Islamic extremists took credit for the atrocity. Other religious groups include Shīʿite Muslims, Assyrian and Chaldean Catholic Christians, Yazīdīs, and Kākāʾīs. [53] The earliest evidence for occupation of the citadel mound dates to the 5th millennium BC and possibly earlier. [20], The first mention of Erbil in literary sources comes from the archives of the East Semitic-speaking kingdom of Ebla. Officially recognized with the introduction of its constitution which was adopted in 2005, the autonomous region of Iraqi Kurdistan, located in the northeast of Iraq is comprised of four governorates of Dohuk (Dihok), Erbil (Hewlêr), Halabja (Helebce) and Sulaymaniyah (Silêmanî). The University of Kurdistan (Hewler), which offers instruction in English, opened in 2006. Erbil became an integral part of the kingdom of Assyria by the 21st century BC through to the end of the seventh century BC, after it was captured by the Gutians, and it was known in Assyrian annals variously as Urbilim, Arbela and Arba-ilu. Erbil, also spelled Arbil, locally called Hewlêr by the Kurds, is the capital city of Iraqi Kurdistan and the most populated city in the Kurdish inhabited areas of Iraq. Tavana Manufacturing Company is a fully private family owned company acting as a leading industrial firm in the field of designing and manufacturing heavy industrial components for the oil, gas, petrochemical , power plants industries and all steel structures project which is located in Tehran and Zanjan, center and west of Iran Other ethnic groups in the city include the Turkmen and Arabs. [43] A suicide bombing on 4 May 2005 killed 60 civilians and injured 150 more outside a police recruiting centre.[44]. It is far north of Baghdad but just 55 miles from ISIS-controlled Mosul. In the desert region, “caravan cities” such as Hatra and Palmyra began their rise in the Seleucid period and had their heyday under the Parthians.…. [35][36] Hülegü then appointed an Assyrian Christian governor to the town, and the Syriac Orthodox Church was allowed to build a church. The other significant museum in Erbil, the Erbil Civilization Museum, houses some artifacts discovered in the area. Urban life in Erbil can be dated back to at least 6000 BC and it is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. A new bus terminal was opened in 2014. Over the millennia, Erbil has been ruled by such empires as those of the Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medians, and Achaemenids and later the Sassanid Persians, Greeks, Parthians, Arabs, and Ottomans. On its western edge the city also boasts the impressive Muẓaffariyyah Minaret (Kurdish Choly Minara), constructed in 1190–1232 and reaching a height of 120 feet (36 metres). The town was built on the side of a mountain range by the Kurdish Prince Zand in 580 B.C. A wealthy class has emerged, accompanied by an increase in alleged corruption and nepotism. Erbil’s main square is the best place in the city to go to just hang out and watch … Winters are usually wet and humid, with January being the wettest month.[49]. Centered around Erbil, the capital and economic hub for autonomous region of Kurdistan Region and its … Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Author of. [13][14] In July 2014, the Citadel of Arbil was inscribed as a World Heritage site. Saddam’s defeat at the end of the Persian Gulf War (1990–91) led to the establishment of the autonomous Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) in northern Iraq. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). A Medieval City Within Assyrian Walls: The Continuity of the Town of Arbīl in Northern Mesopotamia. Iran’s government Tuesday denied involvement in Monday night's rocket strike that killed one person and injured nine in Erbil in Iraqi Kurdistan. The Book Cafe Location : Erbil Dream City At Plaza 2 Now Opening Kurdistan Projects 2017 Project Name : Lana City Location : Erbil Kurdistan Projects ️ ️ ️ P. 159-161. [27][28] The metropolitanate of Ḥadyab in Arbela (Syriac: ܐܪܒܝܠ Arbel) became a centre of eastern Syriac Christianity until late in the Middle Ages.[29]. With the population of approximately 1.3 million in 2009, it is the fourth largest city in Iraq after Baghdad, Basra and Mosul. Operations shifted to a newly constructed airport in 2010. The main gate is guarded by an immense statue of a Kurd reading. The ancient Mesopotamian religion did not die out entirely in the region until the 10th century AD. After Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 Erbil came under Soran emirate In 18th century Baban Emirate took the city but it was retaken by Soran ruler Mir Muhammed Kor in 1822 The Soran emirate continued ruling over Erbil until it was taken by the Ottomans in 1851. When the Mongols invaded the Near East in the 13th century, they attacked Arbil for the first time in 1237. EU Delegation - Erbil Liaison Office Level of official Representations:EU Delegation – Erbil Liaison Office Office Head: Mr Vincent Guillaume Poupeau Official Rank: Head of Office Phone number: + 9647834468423 Email: Snawber.ABDULLAH@eeas.europa.eu Address/Location: ParkView-B5,8th F,Apt.32, Erbil, Kurdistan Region-Iraq [17][18][19], The region in which Erbil lies was largely under Sumerian domination from c. 3000 BC, until the rise of the Akkadian Empire (2335–2154 BC) which united all of the Akkadian Semites and Sumerians of Mesopotamia under one rule. Turkish business investments have led the construction frenzy, but other countries are also involved, including the United States, Lebanon, South Korea, Iran, Britain, France, and the United Arab Emirates. Geographical Data: Erbil city is located east to Sulaymanyah Governorate and it is only 350 km from Baghdad. The KRG parliament building is architecturally impressive even if the institution itself is less so. After the Mongols captured the citadel in 1258, Erbil's importance began to decline. The Erbil Citadel dates back thousands of years, to the first settlers of Erbil.Over the millenia, the Erbil Citadel has taken shape, each generation building new structures on top of those of the previous generation. A planned future hospital will also be close by giving residents required infrastructure for modern living. It has hot and dry days in the summer with temperatures reaching about 100 °F (40 °C) but cools off pleasantly in the evenings. As an oil-based rentier economy preparing to diversify into a business and tourist destination, Erbil has garnered comparisons to Dubai. Erbil possesses a semiarid climate with low humidity in summer and moderate humidity in winter. Following the Muslim conquest of Persia, it no longer remained a unitary region, and during the Middle Ages, the city came to be ruled by the Seljuk and Ottoman empires.[11]. The famous Hamilton Road (constructed under British rule in 1928–32 by Archibald M. Hamilton) runs from Erbil through the mountains and canyons northeast to the Iranian border. During the 20th century, the urban structure was significantly modified, as a result of which a number of houses and public buildings were destroyed. The ancient Ashkenazi-Riphathean[24][25] kingdom of Adiabene (the Greek form of the Assyrian Ḥadyab) had its centre at Erbil, and the town and kingdom are known in Jewish history for the conversion of the royal family to Judaism. Dolphin Hotel&Hostel Sulaymaniyah Iraqi Kurdistan The Dolphin Hotel is located in the heart of the historic Old Town and is just 50 meters walk away from the famous Sara Square. In contrast to the horrific violence in Arab Iraq that followed the U.S.-led invasion in 2003 (see Iraq War), Erbil and the rest of the region administered by the Kurdish Regional Government have largely been spared. It is the capital city in the Kurdistan Region, and one of the most ancient cities on earth. It lies 80 kilometres (50 miles) east of Mosul, and is the capital of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. In February 2021, a series of missiles hit the city killing 2 and injuring 8 people. Erbil’s press is very prolific and includes newspapers, magazines, and radio and television broadcasting. There are international flights from Erbil to many countries; such as the Netherlands, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Austria, Turkey, Jordan and many more flights elsewhere around the world. Other team sports include volleyball and basketball. Akre is located 100 km East of Duhok, 25 km from the Ruvea intersection, on the way to Erbil and the Barzan Region. Erbil (اربيل) is a large and old city located in northern Iraq. Following the Muslim conquest of Persia, the Sasanid province of Assuristan, of which Erbil made part of, was dissolved, and from the mid 7th century AD the region saw a gradual influx of Muslim peoples, predominantly Arabs, Kurds and Turkic peoples. Although Assyrian and Chaldean Christians speak dialects of Aramaic, culturally they have much in common with the Kurds. Ever the buffer zone between the two great empires of Byzantium and Persia, the plains of 10 Km to the west of Erbil were to witness the Battle of Gaugemela between Alexander the Great and Darius III of Persia in 331 BC. Show Prices. It appears for the first time in historical sources during the Ur III period and gained particular importance during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (10th to 7th centuries BC) period. It is an extremely old settlement, which has a dramatic and winding history. As many of the Assyrians who had converted to Christianity adopted Biblical (including Jewish) names, most of the early bishops had Eastern Aramaic or Jewish/Biblical names, which does not suggest that many of the early Christians in this city were converts from Judaism. (Somewhat inaccurately, the confrontation is sometimes known as the "Battle of Arbela".) It has been claimed that the site is the oldest continuously inhabited town in the world. Erbil History and Culture. Under the KRG much power is devolved, so officials at the governorate, district, and subdistrict levels have considerable authority to implement local projects and services. Located 350 kilometers north of Baghdad, the capital city of the Republic of Iraq, the city is in transition from a small town to a growing center for … ERBIL (Kurdistan 24) – Security forces have located the launch site of Monday night’s rocket attacks on the Kurdistan Region’s capital Erbil, the interior ministry announced, saying investigations are continuing. In the same year, all inhabitants, except one family, were evicted from the citadel as part of a large restoration project. The Muslims conquered Erbil in the 7th century, but it was not until Erbil was razed by the Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) in the late 14th century that it became largely Muslim. Services include direct flights to many domestic destinations such as Baghdad international airport. The city had already been superseded in economic importance by Mosul (some 50 miles to the west) by the 1200s, but it remained an important regional centre in the centuries that followed. Erbil Main Square. Co-located with the U.S. Consulate General is the USAID office serving the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. V. Minorsky. Erbil, also spelled Arbīl or Irbīl, Assyrian Arba-ilu, Greek Arbela, Kurdish Hawler or Hewler, city, capital of Erbil muḥāfaẓah (governorate), northern Iraq. [41]. In 2007, the High Commission for Erbil Citadel Revitalization (HCECR) was established to oversee the restoration of the citadel. It is one of the most ancient cities in the world, dating back at least to 2300 bce. B. James. Some 14 rockets landed in and around the base, located at the city’s international airport, on Monday night, the US-led coalition said. Arbēla), can be traced back to Old Persian Arbairā and ultimately Assyrian Arbailu. Languages: mainly Kurdish; Turkmani, Arabic, Armenian, and Assyrian in some areas. Erbil - the name most used internationally for the ancient city that serves as today's capital of Kurdistan Province - is often referred to by the phonetic equivalents of Arbil or Erbil, as well as Arbela.

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