323–339. margin-top: 10px; Sweeney, Deborah [1998], "The Man on the Folding Chair: An Egyptian Relief from Beth Shean", IEJ 48 (1998), pp. 2,300 years ago, the city re-established as a Hellenistic city. The local peasant population was largely impoverished by the Ottoman feudal land system which leased tracts of land to tenants and collected taxes from them for their use. Pottery was produced locally, but some was made to mimic Egyptian forms. 56.2% of 12th grade students were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001. From the 4th century until it was destroyed by an earthquake in 749, the formerly pagan city was a flourishing Christian centre, with a bishop and several churches. In the Bible, Beth Shean is a major administrative center in Solomon’s kingdom, but excavations show that the site was an important one long before (and after) the kings of Israel reigned over it. Greenberg, Raphael [2003], "Early Bronze Age Megiddo and Beth Shean: Discontinuous Settlement in Sociopolitical Context", JMA 16.1 (2003), pp. [2], On January 18, 749, Umayyad Baysan was completely devastated by a catastrophic earthquake. Last entry to site one hour before closing time. [28] The town center shifted from the summit of the mound, or tell, to its slopes. Tsafrir, Yoram and Foerster, Gideon: "From Scythopolis to Baisān: Changes in the perception of the city of Bet Shean during the Byzantine and Arab Eras". An Iron Age I (1200-1000 BC) Canaanite city was constructed on the site of the Egyptian center shortly after its destruction. Cross on wall identifies a probable baptistry at Beit She’an (Seetheholyland.net), Canaanites of Beit She’an resist Manasseh: Judges 1:27, Philistines fasten Saul’s body to Beit She’an wall: 1 Samuel 31:10, Administered by: Israel National Parks Authority. In Roman times, Beit Shean , once rich and glorious city, known also as Scythopolis prospered and became the leading city of the Decapolis, the only one west of the Jordan River. Part of a mosaic floor, it contains details of Jewish religious laws concerning tithes and the Sabbatical Year.[65]. [67], Beit She'an is a center of cotton-growing, and many of residents are employed in the cotton fields of the surrounding kibbutzim. Explore this massive archaeological site located along the Jordan River Valley about 20 miles south of … Geva, Shulamit [1979], "A Reassessment of the Chronology of Beth Shean Strata V and IV", IEJ 29 (1979), pp. 247–262. The archaeological site is only partially accessible: A section of the Roman theater, including an audio station for the hearing impaired; the restored bathhouse and Roman streets; Accessible opening film to the She’an Nights sound and light show. In the Biblical account of the battle of the Israelites against the Philistines on Mount Gilboa,[3] the bodies of King Saul and three of his sons were hung on the walls of Beit She'an (1 Samuel 31:10-12). Ruins of Beit She’an from the tell, with modern town in background (Steve Peterson). Beit She'an valley located south of the Sea of Galilee, was founded about 6,000 years ago, and mentioned in the Bible story of the bitter defeat of King Saul on Mount Gilboa nearby. [39] The town formed one of the districts (kurah) of Jund al-Urdunn during this period. Fisher, Clarence [1923], Beth-Shan Excavations of the University Museum Expedition, 1921–1923", Museum Journal 14 (1923), pp. [20], According to the Hebrew Bible, around 1100 BCE during a battle against King Saul at nearby Mount Gilboa in 1004 BC, the Philistines prevailed and Saul together with three of his sons, Jonathan, Abinadab and Malchishua, died in battle (1 Samuel 31; 1 Chronicles 10). Columns toppled by the AD 749 earthquake at Beit She’an (Kasper Nowak). The tombs from this period consisted of small rock-cut halls with vaulted graves on three sides. } (ed. A large Canaanite temple (39 meters in length) excavated by the University of Pennsylvania Museum (Penn Museum) may date from about the same period as Thutmose III's conquest, though the Hebrew University excavations suggest that it dates to a later period. Little is known about the Hellenistic city, but during the 3rd century BCE a large temple was constructed on the tell. text-align: center; [2], The Swiss–German traveler Johann Ludwig Burckhardt described Beisan in 1812 as "a village with 70 to 80 houses, whose residents are in a miserable state." Some of these cities exist to this day, and some have become archaeological sites. The large mound is called Tel Beit She’an. Its public toilets had channels underneath with running water. Explore ruins of a Roman City and more! [54] Joseph Weitz, a leading Yishuv figure, wrote in his diary on May 4, 1948 that, "The Beit Shean Valley is the gate for our state in the Galilee...[I]ts clearing is the need of the hour."[2]. "Jordanian katusha, bazuka and mortar attack on Beit She'an", conquest of Beit She'an by Pharaoh Thutmose III, 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The ancient city of Beit She’an in the northern Jordan Valley is an immensely impressive archaeological site with remains dating back mostly to the Roman and Byzantine period. Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000-EuroConference Haindorf, 2–7 May 2001, Vienna, 2003, pp. Copious archaeological remains were found dating to the Byzantine period (330–636 CE) and were excavated by the University of Pennsylvania Museum from 1921–23. The day of victory came to be known in Arabic as Yawm Baysan or "the day of Baysan. ), The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the SEcond Millennium BC, II. [26] It is unknown which deity was worshipped there, but the temple continued to be used during Roman times. [24], The Assyrian conquest of the northern kingdom of Israel under Tiglath-Pileser III (732 BC) brought about the destruction of Beit She'an by fire. Tsafrir, Yoram and Foerster, Gideon: "The Dating of the 'Earthquake of the Sabbatical Year of 749 C. E.' in Palestine". } 62–76. We can see evidence of the ritual baths in the city’s Jewish quarter and other surprises in the flagstones of the Cardo. 565–800', Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61 (2007), pp. Kingery, W.D. [2] Most Arab Christians relocated to Nazareth. The town was completely rebuilt, following a new layout, during the 19th dynasty. (eds), Biblical Archaeology Today, 1990 – Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem, 1990, Jerusalem: IES, 1993, pp. Brill: Leiden, 1973. Geographic Details. Copy link Image by irisphoto1 / Shutterstock. FitzGerald, under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania Museum, carried out a "deep cut" on Tell el-Hisn ("castle hill"), the large tell, or mound, of Beth She'an, in order to determine the earliest occupation of the site. For example, the 14th century topographer Ishtori Haparchi settled there and completed his work Kaftor Vaferach in 1322, the first Hebrew book on the geography of Palestine. Mazar, Amihai [1997b], "The Excavations at Tel Beth Shean during the Years 1989–94", in Silberman, N.A. [46], During the 400 years of Ottoman rule, Baysan lost its regional importance. Beit She'an has a population of 20,000.[5]. Beit She’an’s extraordinary Roman ruins are the best place in Israel to get a sense of what it was like to live, work and shop in the Roman Empire. Ancient ruins of Beit She'an. 319–52. float: left; ” (2 Samuel 1:17 – 27). The site itself has an extensive history dating back to around the 5th millennium BC and was a significant settlement by the Bronze Age period. One of Israel’s largest archaeological sites, Beit She’an National Park encompasses the restored ruins of a 7,000-seat Roman theater, Greek colonnaded streets, gladiator amphitheater, Byzantine bathhouse and marketplace, Roman and Greek temples and a Samaritan synagogue. 159–76. [48], In 1999, Beit She'an was incorporated as a city. info)),[2] and historically known as Scythopolis (Σκυθόπολις in Ancient Greek) is a city in the Northern District of Israel, which has played an important role in history due to its geographical location at the junction of the Jordan River Valley and the Jezreel Valley. Beit She'an is situated on Highway 90, the north–south road which runs the length of Israel. 197–211 (יברית). 525–559), St Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 310/320 – 403) and Joseph of Tiberias (c. 285 – c. 356) who met there around the year 355. Among the other churches in the lower city, one was dedicated to Procopius, a local martyr. Beit-Shean is located within the city itself, signs guide to its whereabouts as of entrance of the city. - Beit She'an-Scythopolis in later periods. Exploring Beit Shean: A Visitor's Guide. [1931], Beth-shan Excavations 1921–23: the Arab and Byzantine Levels, Beth-shan III, University Museum: Philadelphia, 1931. Mazar, Amihai. November 1st 2013. [41], In the Crusader period, the Lordship of Bessan was occupied by Tancred in 1099; it was never part of the Principality of Galilee, despite its location, but became a royal domain of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1101, probably until around 1120. #gallery-1 { On nearby Mount Gilboa in 1004 BC, the army of King Saul, Israel’s first king, was defeated by the Philistines and Saul’s three sons were killed. 169–171. Many of the buildings of Scythopolis were damaged in the Galilee earthquake of 363, and in 409 it became the capital of the northern district, Palaestina Secunda. A sarcophagus with an inscription identifying its occupant in Greek as "Antiochus, the son of Phallion", may have held the cousin of Herod the Great. In 2011–2016 the valley railway was rebuilt and the new Beit She'an Railway Station, located at the same site as the historical station was opened. [1932], "Excavations at Beth-Shan in 1931", PEFQS 63 (1932), pp. 224–228. For the data scientist, see, Show map of Jezreel Valley region of Israel, Prehistory (Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods), No. . margin-left: 0; There were however some Jews. ), Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists, Cambridge, 3–9 September 1995, [Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 82], Uitgeverij Peeters: Leuven, 1998, pp. [35] However, some recently discovered counter-evidence may be offered to this picture of decline. In the early 1900s, though still a small and obscure village, Beisan was known for its plentiful water supply, fertile soil, and its production of olives, grapes, figs, almonds, apricots, and apples. James, Frances W. & McGovern, Patrick E. [1993], The Late Bronze Egyptian Garrison at Beth Shan: a Study of Levels VII and VIII, 2 volumes, [University Museum Monograph 85], Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania & University of Mississippi, 1993. & Müller, M. (eds), Fra dybet: Festskrift til John Strange, [Forum for Bibelsk Eksegese 5], Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanus and University of Copenhagen, 1994, pp. [14], One of the most important finds near the temple is the Lion and Lioness (or a dog[15]) stela, currently in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, which depicts the two playing.[16]. 1 Samuel 31:10 states that "the victorious Philistines hung the body of King Saul on the walls of Beit She'an". [20] Other Canaanite goods existed alongside Egyptian imports, or locally made Egyptian-style objects. Colonnaded street leading to tell at Beit She’an (Seetheholyland.net). [7], A large cemetery on the northern mound was in use from the Bronze Age to Byzantine times. Finkelstein, Israel [1996], "The Stratigraphy and Chronology of Megiddo and Beth-Shan in the 12th–11th Centuries BCE", TA 23 (1996), pp. [42], It occasionally passed back under royal control until new lords were created, becoming part of the Belvoir fiefdom. In. The local football club, Hapoel Beit She'an spent several seasons in the top division in the 1990s, but folded in 2006 after several relegations. [50], According to population surveys conducted in British Mandate Palestine, Beisan consisted of 5,080 Muslim Arabs out of a population of 5,540 (92% of the population), with the remainder being listed as Christians. [2][52][53], Jewish forces and local Bedouins first clashed during the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine in February and March 1948, part of Operation Gideon,[2] which Walid Khalidi argues was part of a wider Plan Dalet. •  A mosaic of Tyche, the Roman goddess of good fortune, wearing the walled city of Scythopolis as a crown and holding the horn of plenty in her hand. and less of an archeology … The pagan temple in the city centre was destroyed, but the nymphaeum and Roman baths were restored. Interestingly, the remains of Jewish and Samaritan synagogues have been found along with churches from the time when Scythopolis was a Christian city. Some are in the University of Pennsylvania Museum in Philadelphia. During the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II when the Jezreel Valley railway, which was part of the Haifa-Damascus extension of the Hejaz railway was constructed, a limited revival took place. Beit She'arayim was founded at the end of the 1st century BCE, during the reign of King Herod. [38] The fortress was destroyed by Saladin in 1183.[44]. [1998], "An Egyptian Temple at Tel Beth Shean and Ramesses IV", in Eyre, C. In modern times, Beit She'an serves as a regional centre for the settlements in the Beit She'an Valley. We started on Highway 71 and went to Beit Shean. 147–194. [60] Excavations at the site were resumed by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1983 and then again from 1989 to 1996 under the direction of Amihai Mazar. Mazar, Amihai [2006], "Tel Beth-Shean and the Fate of Mounds in the Intermediate Bronze Age", in Gitin, S., Wright, J.E. To avoid capture, the wounded Saul fell on his sword. [45], During this period the inhabitants of Beit She'an were mainly Muslim. The Penn. 255–278. [64] The seventh century Mosaic of Rehob was discovered by farmers of Kibbutz Ein HaNetziv. He further noted that Baysan was notable for its indigo, rice, dates and grape syrup known as dibs. From 1969, Beit She'an was a target for Katyusha rockets and mortar attacks from Jordan. Coordinates:… #gallery-1 .gallery-caption { Tsafrir, Yoram and Foerster, Gideon: "Urbanism at Scythopolis-Bet Shean in the Fourth to Seventh Centuries". A ma'abarah (refugee camp) inhabited mainly by North African Jewish refugees[56] was erected in Beit She'an, and it later became a development town. Dedicatory inscriptions indicate a preference for donations to religious buildings, and many colourful mosaics, such as that featuring the zodiac in the Monastery of Lady Mary, or the one picturing a menorah and shalom in the House of Leontius' Jewish synagogue, were preserved.

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