conditions that surround and influence an organism or community. Near Oarai, the tsunami generated a huge whirlpool offshore, captured on video. In Chile, some 11,000 miles (17,000 km) distant, the tsunami was 6.6 feet (2 meters) high when they reached the shore, according to the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. "What Have Religious Groups Done After 3.11? [10], The degree and extent of damage caused by the earthquake and resulting tsunami were enormous, with most of the damage being caused by the tsunami. The Japan Meteorological Agency assigned a magnitude of 7.4 MJMA, while the U.S. Geological Survey lowered it to 7.1 Mw. In the tsunami's aftermath, Japan's Meteorological Agency was criticized for issuing an initial tsunami warning that underestimated the size of the wave. Kyodo News, "Deaths, people missing set to top 1,600: Edano". [93] The axial shift was caused by the redistribution of mass on the Earth's surface, which changed the planet's moment of inertia. [211] As of March 2012, Japanese police data showed that 70% of the 3,279 still missing were aged 60 or over, all found, including 893 in their 70s and 577 in their 80s. Of those who didn't heed the warning, 49% were hit by the water. [36][140], Like the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the damage by surging water, though much more localized, was far more deadly and destructive than the actual quake. On March 11, 2011, Japan experienced the strongest earthquake in its recorded history. Buildings destroyed by the tsunami released thousands of tons of ozone-destroying chemicals and greenhouse gases into the air. What started off as an earthquake soon developed into one of the worst nuclear disasters since the 1986 Chernobyl accident that killed thousands. According to the JMA Meteorological Research Institute [ja], reasons for the underestimation include a saturated magnitude scale when using maximum amplitude as input, failure to fully take into account the area of the hypocenter, and the initial amplitude of the earthquake being less than that which would be predicted by an empirical relationship. Approximately 30 homes or buildings were destroyed and 1,046 other buildings were damaged to varying degrees. [281][282][283], A 220,000-barrel (35,000 m3)-per-day[284] oil refinery of Cosmo Oil Company was set on fire by the quake at Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture, to the east of Tokyo. Situé à proximité de la zone d’occurrence principale des séismes du Japon (la côte Pacifique nord-est), son littoral, découpé en rias étroites et longues, multiplie la force et la hauteur des flots des tsunamis. It was a triple threat. [234] The single crematorium in Higashimatsushima, for example, could only handle four bodies a day, although hundreds were found there. [291][292], The city-owned plant for importing liquefied natural gas in Sendai was severely damaged, and supplies were halted for at least a month. Click below to see a MapMaker Interactive map displaying tectonic activity surrounding the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. They were wrong. Odaiba also experienced liquefaction, but damage was minimal. [74] The hypocentral region of this earthquake extended from offshore Iwate Prefecture to offshore Ibaraki Prefecture. About 250 miles (400 km) of Japan's northern Honshu coastline dropped by 2 feet (0.6 meters), according to the U.S. Geological Survey. For example, if you live in northern California you are more likely to be impacted by a wildfire, landslide, or earthquake than if you live in Charleston, South Carolina, but less likely to be hit by a hurricane. [98], Shinmoedake, a volcano in Kyushu, erupted three days after the earthquake. (2011, 19 March) "Japan Earthquake May Have Shifted Earth's Axis" – NPR online, PreventionWeb Great East Japan Earthquake 2011, Interactive Comparisons of Tōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami, Map to chronicle all known disasters in Japan from 416–2013, Foundation of the Covenant official and international dedicated to the victims of the tsunami, Nuclear power in Japan, section Seismicity, Fergana Valley (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_Tōhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami&oldid=982320340, 2011 natural disasters in the United States, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2016, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with failed verification from February 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Port of Hachinohe area – 8–9 metres (26–30 ft), Sendai section of Shiogama-Sendai port – 8 metres (26 ft). The clash of these plates can also cause violent earthquakes, where Earth’s surface shakes. [36], The earthquake moved Honshu (the main island of Japan) 2.4 m (8 ft) east, shifted the Earth on its axis by estimates of between 10 cm (4 in) and 25 cm (10 in),[38][39][40] increased earth's rotational speed by 1.8 µs per day,[41] and generated infrasound waves detected in perturbations of the low-orbiting Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer satellite. Sans surprise, le premier réflexe des autorités gouvernementales a été de lancer un vaste programme de travaux publics, destinés à stimuler l’économie locale et à désenclaver ces territoires. [43][44][45][46], The tsunami swept the Japanese mainland and killed over ten thousand people, mainly through drowning, though blunt trauma also caused many deaths. Dans le département de Fukushima, la situation est plus critique du fait de la radioactivité. When the roads clear, experts will be dispatched to conduct further investigations. Great Tohoku, Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, 11 March 2011. La zone touchée par le tremblement de terre de Kobe apportait une contribution au PIB comparable à celle de la région dévastée par le séisme de la côte pacifique du Tohoku. [222] The quake and tsunami killed 378 elementary, middle-school, and high school students and left 158 others missing. meeting of CCEP, Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction, "中日新聞:災害義援金受け付け 東日本大震災:中日新聞からのお知らせ(CHUNICHI Web)", "東日本巨大地震 震災掲示板 : 特集 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）", "番組表 – TOKYO FM 80.0 MHz – 80.Love FM RADIO STATION", USGS Updates Magnitude of Japan's 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake to 9.03, "Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011 | Facts & Death Toll", "Tsunami, earthquake, nuclear crisis – now Japan faces power cuts", "Japan quake – 7th largest in recorded history", "March 11th tsunami a record 40.5 metres high NHK", "Japan earthquake: Tsunami hits north-east", "Quake Moves Japan Closer to U.S. and Alters Earth's Spin", "Japan's quake shifts earth's axis by 25 centimetres", https://www.npa.go.jp/news/other/earthquake2011/pdf/higaijokyo_e.pdf, "Japan quake: Infrastructure damage will delay recovery", "Japanese PM: 'Toughest' crisis since World War II", "Millions of Stricken Japanese Lack Water, Food, Heat", "Japan: 3 Nuclear Reactors Melted Down – News Story – KTVZ Bend", "3 nuclear reactors melted down after quake, Japan confirms", "Japan earthquake: Insurance cost for quake alone pegged at $35 billion, AIR says", "New explosion shakes stricken Japanese nuclear plant", "Top 5 Most Expensive Natural Disasters in History", "Japan damage could reach $235 billion, World Bank estimates", Japan earthquake and tsunami: what happened and why|World news, "UPDATE 3-USGS upgrades Japan quake to 8.9 magnitude", "USGS Updates Magnitude of Japan's 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake to 9.0", "地震情報 – 2011年3月10日 15時6分 – 日本気象協会 tenki.jp", "地震情報 – 2011年3月11日 15時15分 – 日本気象協会 tenki.jp", "Earthquake strikes near Japan's Fukushima nuclear plant; no reports of damage", "Challenges of anticipating the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami using coastal geology", "The future of tsunami research following the 2011 Tōhoku-oki event", "The 869 Jōgan tsunami deposit and recurrence interval of large-scale tsunami on the Pacific coast of northeast Japan", "newspaper: Japan earthquake and tsunami: what happened and why", "Size of Japan's quake surprises seismologists", "時事ドットコム：Ｍ８．８、死者３００人超＝行方不明５４０人以上−大津波１０ｍ・宮城で震度７", "asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：地殻破壊３連鎖、計６分 専門家、余震拡大に警鐘 – 東日本大震災", "Japan Meteorological Agency | Earthquake Information", "Information message about destructive earthquake near the eastern coast of Honshu Island of Japana on March 11, 2011", "The 2011 Japan Earthquake, Tsunami and Nuclear Disaster", "Preliminary report of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake", "Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) Information Sharing on Disaster Reduction", "March 11, 2011 M9.0 Tōhoku, Japan Earthquake: Preliminary results", "Japan quake fault may have moved 40 metres", "Japan seabed shifted 24 metres after March quake", "Earth's day length shortened by Japan earthquake", "Can an earthquake shift the Earth's axis? Réalisation : Rémi Scoccimarro, 2017. [42], Soil liquefaction was evident in areas of reclaimed land around Tokyo, particularly in Urayasu,[95][96] Chiba City, Funabashi, Narashino (all in Chiba Prefecture) and in the Koto, Edogawa, Minato, Chūō, and Ōta Wards of Tokyo. Follow Becky Oskin @beckyoskin. The bulletin also included initial tsunami observation details, as well as more detailed maps for the coastlines affected by the tsunami waves. [172][173], Shortly after the earthquake, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) in Hawaii issued tsunami watches and announcements for locations in the Pacific. [198][199], As of April 2012, wreckage from the tsunami spread around the world, including a soccer ball which was found in Alaska's Middleton Island and a Japanese motorcycle found in British Columbia, Canada. "But if the nation is prepared, warning and education definitely saves lives. [334] In the hours after the earthquake, some train services were resumed. [319] On 5 April 2011, the government of the Ibaraki Prefecture banned the fishing of sand lance after discovering that this species was contaminated by radioactive caesium above legal limits. [109], As of 16 March 2012 aftershocks continued, totaling 1887 events over magnitude 4.0; a regularly updated map showing all shocks of magnitude 4.5 and above near or off the east coast of Honshu in the last seven days[110] showed over 20 events. Depuis le tremblement de terre, des centrales nucléaires qui représentent près d'un cinquième de la puissance installée du pays sont arrêtées, au moins provisoirement, entraînant d'importantes pénuries d'électricité. As a result, the communities in question are now more susceptible to flooding during high tides. L'explosion de plusieurs réacteurs de la centrale de Fukushima n° 1 a contaminé durablement la région et contraint des milliers d'habitants à se réfugier dans des conditions difficiles. Nine Infographics collection that boost your survial chance to 99% . But there had been hints of the disaster to come. [247] The earthquake and tsunami created an estimated 24–25 million tons of rubble and debris in Japan. Le cours des actions s'est effondré depuis le 11 mars, avec une chute de 16% en moyenne de l'indice Nikkei. L'après-catastrophe n'implique donc pas seulement une reconstruction des dégâts, mais aussi de repenser le rapport de la société japonaise à son littoral – et à son approvisionnement énergétique. Researchers soon after the full extent of the disaster was known launched a project to gather all digital material relating to the disaster into an online searchable archive to form the basis of future research into the events during and after the disaster. This is the fourth largest earthquake in the world and the largest in Japan since instrumental recordings began in 1900. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. [38] These data are expected to be used in a variety of ways, providing unprecedented information about how buildings respond to shaking, and other effects. On May 22, 1960, the largest earthquake in recorded history—magnitude 9.5—struck southern Chile. Si on considère le seuil des 30 000 becquerels par m² retenu par exemple pour délimiter les zones contaminées aux abords de la centrale de Tchernobyl, c’est presque 7 % du territoire japonais qui a été concerné par cette pollution (fig. Calculations at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory determined that the Earth's rotation was changed by the earthquake to the point where the days are now 1.8 microseconds shorter.[101]. [218] 236 children were orphaned in the prefectures of Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima by the disaster;[219][220] 1,580 children lost either one or both parents,[221] 846 in Miyagi, 572 in Iwate, and 162 in Fukushima. At 07:30 UTC, PTWC issued a widespread tsunami warning covering the entire Pacific Ocean. NHK BS News reported 2011-04-03-02:55 JST, One estimate of 10–15 minutes came from German seismologist Rainer Kind of the, Another estimate of 15–30 minutes came from Vasily V. Titov, director of the. [5][6] The earthquake was initially reported as 7.9 Mw by the USGS before it was quickly upgraded to 8.8 Mw, then to 8.9 Mw,[62] and then finally to 9.0 Mw. [245], Japan's National Police Agency said on 3 April 2011, that 45,700 buildings were destroyed and 144,300 were damaged by the quake and tsunami. The article noted that the Japanese system cost $1 billion to construct, and the U.S. needs another $150 million to get a similar program running. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Photographie prise par l’auteur en 2017 à Ôkuma. [128] The actual height prediction varied, the greatest being for Miyagi at 6 metres (20 ft) high. [76][77] Analysis showed that this earthquake consisted of a set of three events. Subsequent analysis found that many Japanese nuclear plants, including Fukushima Daiichi, were not adequately protected against tsunamis.

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